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      I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
      \n
      My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
      \n
      ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
      \n
      I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
      \n
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      - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
      \n
      This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
      \n
      So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
      \n
      ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
      \n
      This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
      \n
      To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
      \n
      ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
      \n
      This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
      \n
      However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
      \n
      Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
      """
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      I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
      \n
      My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
      \n
      ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
      \n
      I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
      \n
      - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
      - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
      \n
      This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
      \n
      So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
      \n
      ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
      \n
      This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
      \n
      To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
      \n
      ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
      \n
      This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
      \n
      However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
      \n
      Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
      """
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      I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
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      - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
      \n
      This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
      \n
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      \n
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      To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
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      ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
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      This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
      \n
      However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
      \n
      Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
      """
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      I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
      \n
      My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
      \n
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      - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
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      \n
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      \n
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      \n
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      I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
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      I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
      \n
      My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
      \n
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      \n
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      \n
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      \n
      ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
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      This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
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      ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
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      This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
      \n
      However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
      \n
      Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
      """
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      I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
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      \n
      Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
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        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
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        \n
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        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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      You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger (by a factor of 10x or maybe even 100x). Lookup the input impedance for the ADC of your model of ATmega, as long as it’s >10x the size of your resistors then your circuit will probably be accurate enough.\n
      \n
      A couple more things to keep in mind:\n
      \n
      - a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
      - 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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        date: 2023-08-25 09:07:12.0 +02:00
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    +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#266}
    +image: null
    +parent: null
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    +body: """
      You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger (by a factor of 10x or maybe even 100x). Lookup the input impedance for the ADC of your model of ATmega, as long as it’s >10x the size of your resistors then your circuit will probably be accurate enough.\n
      \n
      A couple more things to keep in mind:\n
      \n
      - a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
      - 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.
      """
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user_inline App\Twig\Components\UserInlineComponent 12.0 MiB 0.14 ms
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date App\Twig\Components\DateComponent 12.0 MiB 0.16 ms
Input props 
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Attributes 
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Component 
App\Twig\Components\DateComponent {#4592
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date_edited App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent 12.0 MiB 0.10 ms
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App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent {#4646
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Attributes 
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Component 
App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent {#4702
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
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        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
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        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
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        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
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        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
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        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
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        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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      You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger (by a factor of 10x or maybe even 100x). Lookup the input impedance for the ADC of your model of ATmega, as long as it’s >10x the size of your resistors then your circuit will probably be accurate enough.\n
      \n
      A couple more things to keep in mind:\n
      \n
      - a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
      - 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.
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          \n
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          2: Be on-topic (eg: *Electronic*, not *electrical*).\n
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
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        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
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        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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      You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger (by a factor of 10x or maybe even 100x). Lookup the input impedance for the ADC of your model of ATmega, as long as it’s >10x the size of your resistors then your circuit will probably be accurate enough.\n
      \n
      A couple more things to keep in mind:\n
      \n
      - a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
      - 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.
      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
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        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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      You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger (by a factor of 10x or maybe even 100x). Lookup the input impedance for the ADC of your model of ATmega, as long as it’s >10x the size of your resistors then your circuit will probably be accurate enough.\n
      \n
      A couple more things to keep in mind:\n
      \n
      - a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
      - 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
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        \n
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        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
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      You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger (by a factor of 10x or maybe even 100x). Lookup the input impedance for the ADC of your model of ATmega, as long as it’s >10x the size of your resistors then your circuit will probably be accurate enough.\n
      \n
      A couple more things to keep in mind:\n
      \n
      - a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
      - 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.
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      +body: """
        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
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        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
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        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
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        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
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        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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      You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger (by a factor of 10x or maybe even 100x). Lookup the input impedance for the ADC of your model of ATmega, as long as it’s >10x the size of your resistors then your circuit will probably be accurate enough.\n
      \n
      A couple more things to keep in mind:\n
      \n
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
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        \n
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        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
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        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
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        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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      You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger (by a factor of 10x or maybe even 100x). Lookup the input impedance for the ADC of your model of ATmega, as long as it’s >10x the size of your resistors then your circuit will probably be accurate enough.\n
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      - 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.
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        +body: """
          > You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger\n
          \n
          That’s what I thought initially, but [this stackoverflow post](https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/250759/how-many-ohm-is-the-adc-port-internal-resistance-of-the-atmega8#250767) dissuaded me. The argument there is that the measurement will be wrong, if the input current is not enough to charge the internal cap within the measurement period. But I’ve done some testing now, and measurements done with 820k and 100k agree well with what my voltmeter measures, so I’ll go with this solution!\n
          \n
          > a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
          \n
          Indeed! `9.6V * 10k/92k = 1.04V` is still below 1.1V, so I should be fine in this case :)\n
          \n
          > 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.\n
          \n
          This is a good point!\n
          \n
          My firmware will be pretty monotonic though, basically:\n
          \n
          1. wake up\n
          2. measure battery\n
          3. measure some other sensors (the actual task of the device)\n
          4. turn on a transceiver, send all the measurements (including battery voltage)\n
          5. turn off transceiver & go to sleep\n
          \n
          So, the load should be always the same at step (2).
          """
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        @nilclass@discuss.tchncs.de\n
        \n
        @WaterWaiver@aussie.zone\n
        \n
        From the stack exchange post: " 10 kΩ or less source resistance is recommended, otherwise the low pass filter effect of the capacitor with the source resistance becomes a major issue, requiring a longer sampling time for conversion and as a result limiting the maximum frequency."\n
        \n
        In other words: a higher source impedance (caused by large resistors) is only going to drastically affect the results when you need to take fast repeated measurements (e.g. an AC source)
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        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
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        You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger (by a factor of 10x or maybe even 100x). Lookup the input impedance for the ADC of your model of ATmega, as long as it’s >10x the size of your resistors then your circuit will probably be accurate enough.\n
        \n
        A couple more things to keep in mind:\n
        \n
        - a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
        - 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.
        """
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      > You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger\n
      \n
      That’s what I thought initially, but [this stackoverflow post](https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/250759/how-many-ohm-is-the-adc-port-internal-resistance-of-the-atmega8#250767) dissuaded me. The argument there is that the measurement will be wrong, if the input current is not enough to charge the internal cap within the measurement period. But I’ve done some testing now, and measurements done with 820k and 100k agree well with what my voltmeter measures, so I’ll go with this solution!\n
      \n
      > a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
      \n
      Indeed! `9.6V * 10k/92k = 1.04V` is still below 1.1V, so I should be fine in this case :)\n
      \n
      > 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.\n
      \n
      This is a good point!\n
      \n
      My firmware will be pretty monotonic though, basically:\n
      \n
      1. wake up\n
      2. measure battery\n
      3. measure some other sensors (the actual task of the device)\n
      4. turn on a transceiver, send all the measurements (including battery voltage)\n
      5. turn off transceiver & go to sleep\n
      \n
      So, the load should be always the same at step (2).
      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
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        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
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        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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        You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger (by a factor of 10x or maybe even 100x). Lookup the input impedance for the ADC of your model of ATmega, as long as it’s >10x the size of your resistors then your circuit will probably be accurate enough.\n
        \n
        A couple more things to keep in mind:\n
        \n
        - a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
        - 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.
        """
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      > You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger\n
      \n
      That’s what I thought initially, but [this stackoverflow post](https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/250759/how-many-ohm-is-the-adc-port-internal-resistance-of-the-atmega8#250767) dissuaded me. The argument there is that the measurement will be wrong, if the input current is not enough to charge the internal cap within the measurement period. But I’ve done some testing now, and measurements done with 820k and 100k agree well with what my voltmeter measures, so I’ll go with this solution!\n
      \n
      > a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
      \n
      Indeed! `9.6V * 10k/92k = 1.04V` is still below 1.1V, so I should be fine in this case :)\n
      \n
      > 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.\n
      \n
      This is a good point!\n
      \n
      My firmware will be pretty monotonic though, basically:\n
      \n
      1. wake up\n
      2. measure battery\n
      3. measure some other sensors (the actual task of the device)\n
      4. turn on a transceiver, send all the measurements (including battery voltage)\n
      5. turn off transceiver & go to sleep\n
      \n
      So, the load should be always the same at step (2).
      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
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        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
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        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
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        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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        You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger (by a factor of 10x or maybe even 100x). Lookup the input impedance for the ADC of your model of ATmega, as long as it’s >10x the size of your resistors then your circuit will probably be accurate enough.\n
        \n
        A couple more things to keep in mind:\n
        \n
        - a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
        - 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.
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      > You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger\n
      \n
      That’s what I thought initially, but [this stackoverflow post](https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/250759/how-many-ohm-is-the-adc-port-internal-resistance-of-the-atmega8#250767) dissuaded me. The argument there is that the measurement will be wrong, if the input current is not enough to charge the internal cap within the measurement period. But I’ve done some testing now, and measurements done with 820k and 100k agree well with what my voltmeter measures, so I’ll go with this solution!\n
      \n
      > a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
      \n
      Indeed! `9.6V * 10k/92k = 1.04V` is still below 1.1V, so I should be fine in this case :)\n
      \n
      > 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.\n
      \n
      This is a good point!\n
      \n
      My firmware will be pretty monotonic though, basically:\n
      \n
      1. wake up\n
      2. measure battery\n
      3. measure some other sensors (the actual task of the device)\n
      4. turn on a transceiver, send all the measurements (including battery voltage)\n
      5. turn off transceiver & go to sleep\n
      \n
      So, the load should be always the same at step (2).
      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
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        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
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        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
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        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
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        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
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        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
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        You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger (by a factor of 10x or maybe even 100x). Lookup the input impedance for the ADC of your model of ATmega, as long as it’s >10x the size of your resistors then your circuit will probably be accurate enough.\n
        \n
        A couple more things to keep in mind:\n
        \n
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        - 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.
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      > You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger\n
      \n
      That’s what I thought initially, but [this stackoverflow post](https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/250759/how-many-ohm-is-the-adc-port-internal-resistance-of-the-atmega8#250767) dissuaded me. The argument there is that the measurement will be wrong, if the input current is not enough to charge the internal cap within the measurement period. But I’ve done some testing now, and measurements done with 820k and 100k agree well with what my voltmeter measures, so I’ll go with this solution!\n
      \n
      > a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
      \n
      Indeed! `9.6V * 10k/92k = 1.04V` is still below 1.1V, so I should be fine in this case :)\n
      \n
      > 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.\n
      \n
      This is a good point!\n
      \n
      My firmware will be pretty monotonic though, basically:\n
      \n
      1. wake up\n
      2. measure battery\n
      3. measure some other sensors (the actual task of the device)\n
      4. turn on a transceiver, send all the measurements (including battery voltage)\n
      5. turn off transceiver & go to sleep\n
      \n
      So, the load should be always the same at step (2).
      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
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        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
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        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
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        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
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        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
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        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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        You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger (by a factor of 10x or maybe even 100x). Lookup the input impedance for the ADC of your model of ATmega, as long as it’s >10x the size of your resistors then your circuit will probably be accurate enough.\n
        \n
        A couple more things to keep in mind:\n
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        - 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.
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      > You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger\n
      \n
      That’s what I thought initially, but [this stackoverflow post](https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/250759/how-many-ohm-is-the-adc-port-internal-resistance-of-the-atmega8#250767) dissuaded me. The argument there is that the measurement will be wrong, if the input current is not enough to charge the internal cap within the measurement period. But I’ve done some testing now, and measurements done with 820k and 100k agree well with what my voltmeter measures, so I’ll go with this solution!\n
      \n
      > a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
      \n
      Indeed! `9.6V * 10k/92k = 1.04V` is still below 1.1V, so I should be fine in this case :)\n
      \n
      > 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.\n
      \n
      This is a good point!\n
      \n
      My firmware will be pretty monotonic though, basically:\n
      \n
      1. wake up\n
      2. measure battery\n
      3. measure some other sensors (the actual task of the device)\n
      4. turn on a transceiver, send all the measurements (including battery voltage)\n
      5. turn off transceiver & go to sleep\n
      \n
      So, the load should be always the same at step (2).
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
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        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
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        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
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        You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger (by a factor of 10x or maybe even 100x). Lookup the input impedance for the ADC of your model of ATmega, as long as it’s >10x the size of your resistors then your circuit will probably be accurate enough.\n
        \n
        A couple more things to keep in mind:\n
        \n
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        - 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.
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      > You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger\n
      \n
      That’s what I thought initially, but [this stackoverflow post](https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/250759/how-many-ohm-is-the-adc-port-internal-resistance-of-the-atmega8#250767) dissuaded me. The argument there is that the measurement will be wrong, if the input current is not enough to charge the internal cap within the measurement period. But I’ve done some testing now, and measurements done with 820k and 100k agree well with what my voltmeter measures, so I’ll go with this solution!\n
      \n
      > a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
      \n
      Indeed! `9.6V * 10k/92k = 1.04V` is still below 1.1V, so I should be fine in this case :)\n
      \n
      > 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.\n
      \n
      This is a good point!\n
      \n
      My firmware will be pretty monotonic though, basically:\n
      \n
      1. wake up\n
      2. measure battery\n
      3. measure some other sensors (the actual task of the device)\n
      4. turn on a transceiver, send all the measurements (including battery voltage)\n
      5. turn off transceiver & go to sleep\n
      \n
      So, the load should be always the same at step (2).
      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
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        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
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        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
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        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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        You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger (by a factor of 10x or maybe even 100x). Lookup the input impedance for the ADC of your model of ATmega, as long as it’s >10x the size of your resistors then your circuit will probably be accurate enough.\n
        \n
        A couple more things to keep in mind:\n
        \n
        - a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
        - 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.
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    +body: """
      > You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger\n
      \n
      That’s what I thought initially, but [this stackoverflow post](https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/250759/how-many-ohm-is-the-adc-port-internal-resistance-of-the-atmega8#250767) dissuaded me. The argument there is that the measurement will be wrong, if the input current is not enough to charge the internal cap within the measurement period. But I’ve done some testing now, and measurements done with 820k and 100k agree well with what my voltmeter measures, so I’ll go with this solution!\n
      \n
      > a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
      \n
      Indeed! `9.6V * 10k/92k = 1.04V` is still below 1.1V, so I should be fine in this case :)\n
      \n
      > 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.\n
      \n
      This is a good point!\n
      \n
      My firmware will be pretty monotonic though, basically:\n
      \n
      1. wake up\n
      2. measure battery\n
      3. measure some other sensors (the actual task of the device)\n
      4. turn on a transceiver, send all the measurements (including battery voltage)\n
      5. turn off transceiver & go to sleep\n
      \n
      So, the load should be always the same at step (2).
      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
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        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
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        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
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        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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        You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger (by a factor of 10x or maybe even 100x). Lookup the input impedance for the ADC of your model of ATmega, as long as it’s >10x the size of your resistors then your circuit will probably be accurate enough.\n
        \n
        A couple more things to keep in mind:\n
        \n
        - a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
        - 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.
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      > You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger\n
      \n
      That’s what I thought initially, but [this stackoverflow post](https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/250759/how-many-ohm-is-the-adc-port-internal-resistance-of-the-atmega8#250767) dissuaded me. The argument there is that the measurement will be wrong, if the input current is not enough to charge the internal cap within the measurement period. But I’ve done some testing now, and measurements done with 820k and 100k agree well with what my voltmeter measures, so I’ll go with this solution!\n
      \n
      > a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
      \n
      Indeed! `9.6V * 10k/92k = 1.04V` is still below 1.1V, so I should be fine in this case :)\n
      \n
      > 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.\n
      \n
      This is a good point!\n
      \n
      My firmware will be pretty monotonic though, basically:\n
      \n
      1. wake up\n
      2. measure battery\n
      3. measure some other sensors (the actual task of the device)\n
      4. turn on a transceiver, send all the measurements (including battery voltage)\n
      5. turn off transceiver & go to sleep\n
      \n
      So, the load should be always the same at step (2).
      """
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        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
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        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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          You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger (by a factor of 10x or maybe even 100x). Lookup the input impedance for the ADC of your model of ATmega, as long as it’s >10x the size of your resistors then your circuit will probably be accurate enough.\n
          \n
          A couple more things to keep in mind:\n
          \n
          - a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
          - 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.
          """
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      +body: """
        > You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger\n
        \n
        That’s what I thought initially, but [this stackoverflow post](https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/250759/how-many-ohm-is-the-adc-port-internal-resistance-of-the-atmega8#250767) dissuaded me. The argument there is that the measurement will be wrong, if the input current is not enough to charge the internal cap within the measurement period. But I’ve done some testing now, and measurements done with 820k and 100k agree well with what my voltmeter measures, so I’ll go with this solution!\n
        \n
        > a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
        \n
        Indeed! `9.6V * 10k/92k = 1.04V` is still below 1.1V, so I should be fine in this case :)\n
        \n
        > 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.\n
        \n
        This is a good point!\n
        \n
        My firmware will be pretty monotonic though, basically:\n
        \n
        1. wake up\n
        2. measure battery\n
        3. measure some other sensors (the actual task of the device)\n
        4. turn on a transceiver, send all the measurements (including battery voltage)\n
        5. turn off transceiver & go to sleep\n
        \n
        So, the load should be always the same at step (2).
        """
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      @nilclass@discuss.tchncs.de\n
      \n
      @WaterWaiver@aussie.zone\n
      \n
      From the stack exchange post: " 10 kΩ or less source resistance is recommended, otherwise the low pass filter effect of the capacitor with the source resistance becomes a major issue, requiring a longer sampling time for conversion and as a result limiting the maximum frequency."\n
      \n
      In other words: a higher source impedance (caused by large resistors) is only going to drastically affect the results when you need to take fast repeated measurements (e.g. an AC source)
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
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        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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            I once met a person that never drank water, only soft drinks. It’s not the unhealthiness of this that disturbed me, but the fact they did it without the requisite paperwork.\n
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          You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger (by a factor of 10x or maybe even 100x). Lookup the input impedance for the ADC of your model of ATmega, as long as it’s >10x the size of your resistors then your circuit will probably be accurate enough.\n
          \n
          A couple more things to keep in mind:\n
          \n
          - a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
          - 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.
          """
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        > You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger\n
        \n
        That’s what I thought initially, but [this stackoverflow post](https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/250759/how-many-ohm-is-the-adc-port-internal-resistance-of-the-atmega8#250767) dissuaded me. The argument there is that the measurement will be wrong, if the input current is not enough to charge the internal cap within the measurement period. But I’ve done some testing now, and measurements done with 820k and 100k agree well with what my voltmeter measures, so I’ll go with this solution!\n
        \n
        > a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
        \n
        Indeed! `9.6V * 10k/92k = 1.04V` is still below 1.1V, so I should be fine in this case :)\n
        \n
        > 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.\n
        \n
        This is a good point!\n
        \n
        My firmware will be pretty monotonic though, basically:\n
        \n
        1. wake up\n
        2. measure battery\n
        3. measure some other sensors (the actual task of the device)\n
        4. turn on a transceiver, send all the measurements (including battery voltage)\n
        5. turn off transceiver & go to sleep\n
        \n
        So, the load should be always the same at step (2).
        """
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      @nilclass@discuss.tchncs.de\n
      \n
      @WaterWaiver@aussie.zone\n
      \n
      From the stack exchange post: " 10 kΩ or less source resistance is recommended, otherwise the low pass filter effect of the capacitor with the source resistance becomes a major issue, requiring a longer sampling time for conversion and as a result limiting the maximum frequency."\n
      \n
      In other words: a higher source impedance (caused by large resistors) is only going to drastically affect the results when you need to take fast repeated measurements (e.g. an AC source)
      """
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user_inline App\Twig\Components\UserInlineComponent 12.0 MiB 2.15 ms
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App\Twig\Components\UserInlineComponent {#5940
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    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#6020 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#6022 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#6024 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#6026 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#6028 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#6030 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#6032 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#6034 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#6036 …}
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    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#6040 …}
    +apId: "brendan@mastodon.brendans-bits.com"
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    +apPublicUrl: "https://mastodon.brendans-bits.com/@brendan"
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    +apInboxUrl: "https://mastodon.brendans-bits.com/inbox"
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    +apPreferredUsername: "brendan"
    +apDiscoverable: false
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    +privateKey: null
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    +apDeletedAt: null
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      date: 2023-08-25 13:55:15.0 +02:00
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    +__isInitialized__: true
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  +showAvatar: false
}
date App\Twig\Components\DateComponent 12.0 MiB 0.14 ms
Input props 
[
  "date" => DateTimeImmutable @1692964486 {#4416
    date: 2023-08-25 13:54:46.0 +02:00
  }
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\DateComponent {#6060
  +date: DateTimeImmutable @1692964486 {#4416
    date: 2023-08-25 13:54:46.0 +02:00
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}
date_edited App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent 12.0 MiB 0.09 ms
Input props 
[
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    date: 2023-08-25 13:54:46.0 +02:00
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  "editedAt" => null
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent {#6114
  +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1692964486 {#4416
    date: 2023-08-25 13:54:46.0 +02:00
  }
  +editedAt: null
}
user_avatar App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent 12.0 MiB 50.67 ms
Input props 
[
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    +avatar: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#5985 …}
    +cover: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#5987 …}
    +email: "brendan@mastodon.brendans-bits.com"
    +username: "@brendan@mastodon.brendans-bits.com"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
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      date: 2023-08-25 13:55:19.0 +02:00
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    +markedForDeletionAt: null
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    +hideAdult: true
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    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
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    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
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    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: true
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: true
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    +notifyOnNewPostReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: true
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    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
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    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#5988 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#5990 …}
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  "width" => 40
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  "asLink" => true
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent {#6168
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    +email: "brendan@mastodon.brendans-bits.com"
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    +markedForDeletionAt: null
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}
vote App\Twig\Components\VoteComponent 12.0 MiB 0.53 ms
Input props 
[
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      +email: "brendan@mastodon.brendans-bits.com"
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      +customCss: null
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      +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#5988 …}
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    }
    +entry: App\Entity\Entry {#2412
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        +avatar: null
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        +customCss: null
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        +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1518 …}
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        +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1631 …}
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      }
      +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#266
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        +title: "askelectronics"
        +description: """
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          \n
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          \n
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          \n
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      +slug: "How-to-improve-my-battery-measurement-circuit"
      +title: "How to improve my battery measurement circuit?"
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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            I once met a person that never drank water, only soft drinks. It’s not the unhealthiness of this that disturbed me, but the fact they did it without the requisite paperwork.\n
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          You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger (by a factor of 10x or maybe even 100x). Lookup the input impedance for the ADC of your model of ATmega, as long as it’s >10x the size of your resistors then your circuit will probably be accurate enough.\n
          \n
          A couple more things to keep in mind:\n
          \n
          - a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
          - 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.
          """
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      +body: """
        > You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger\n
        \n
        That’s what I thought initially, but [this stackoverflow post](https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/250759/how-many-ohm-is-the-adc-port-internal-resistance-of-the-atmega8#250767) dissuaded me. The argument there is that the measurement will be wrong, if the input current is not enough to charge the internal cap within the measurement period. But I’ve done some testing now, and measurements done with 820k and 100k agree well with what my voltmeter measures, so I’ll go with this solution!\n
        \n
        > a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
        \n
        Indeed! `9.6V * 10k/92k = 1.04V` is still below 1.1V, so I should be fine in this case :)\n
        \n
        > 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.\n
        \n
        This is a good point!\n
        \n
        My firmware will be pretty monotonic though, basically:\n
        \n
        1. wake up\n
        2. measure battery\n
        3. measure some other sensors (the actual task of the device)\n
        4. turn on a transceiver, send all the measurements (including battery voltage)\n
        5. turn off transceiver & go to sleep\n
        \n
        So, the load should be always the same at step (2).
        """
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      @nilclass@discuss.tchncs.de\n
      \n
      @WaterWaiver@aussie.zone\n
      \n
      From the stack exchange post: " 10 kΩ or less source resistance is recommended, otherwise the low pass filter effect of the capacitor with the source resistance becomes a major issue, requiring a longer sampling time for conversion and as a result limiting the maximum frequency."\n
      \n
      In other words: a higher source impedance (caused by large resistors) is only going to drastically affect the results when you need to take fast repeated measurements (e.g. an AC source)
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      +slug: "How-to-improve-my-battery-measurement-circuit"
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      +body: """
        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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          You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger (by a factor of 10x or maybe even 100x). Lookup the input impedance for the ADC of your model of ATmega, as long as it’s >10x the size of your resistors then your circuit will probably be accurate enough.\n
          \n
          A couple more things to keep in mind:\n
          \n
          - a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
          - 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.
          """
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      +body: """
        > You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger\n
        \n
        That’s what I thought initially, but [this stackoverflow post](https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/250759/how-many-ohm-is-the-adc-port-internal-resistance-of-the-atmega8#250767) dissuaded me. The argument there is that the measurement will be wrong, if the input current is not enough to charge the internal cap within the measurement period. But I’ve done some testing now, and measurements done with 820k and 100k agree well with what my voltmeter measures, so I’ll go with this solution!\n
        \n
        > a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
        \n
        Indeed! `9.6V * 10k/92k = 1.04V` is still below 1.1V, so I should be fine in this case :)\n
        \n
        > 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.\n
        \n
        This is a good point!\n
        \n
        My firmware will be pretty monotonic though, basically:\n
        \n
        1. wake up\n
        2. measure battery\n
        3. measure some other sensors (the actual task of the device)\n
        4. turn on a transceiver, send all the measurements (including battery voltage)\n
        5. turn off transceiver & go to sleep\n
        \n
        So, the load should be always the same at step (2).
        """
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    +body: """
      @nilclass@discuss.tchncs.de\n
      \n
      @WaterWaiver@aussie.zone\n
      \n
      From the stack exchange post: " 10 kΩ or less source resistance is recommended, otherwise the low pass filter effect of the capacitor with the source resistance becomes a major issue, requiring a longer sampling time for conversion and as a result limiting the maximum frequency."\n
      \n
      In other words: a higher source impedance (caused by large resistors) is only going to drastically affect the results when you need to take fast repeated measurements (e.g. an AC source)
      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
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        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
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        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
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        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
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        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
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        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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          You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger (by a factor of 10x or maybe even 100x). Lookup the input impedance for the ADC of your model of ATmega, as long as it’s >10x the size of your resistors then your circuit will probably be accurate enough.\n
          \n
          A couple more things to keep in mind:\n
          \n
          - a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
          - 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.
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        > You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger\n
        \n
        That’s what I thought initially, but [this stackoverflow post](https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/250759/how-many-ohm-is-the-adc-port-internal-resistance-of-the-atmega8#250767) dissuaded me. The argument there is that the measurement will be wrong, if the input current is not enough to charge the internal cap within the measurement period. But I’ve done some testing now, and measurements done with 820k and 100k agree well with what my voltmeter measures, so I’ll go with this solution!\n
        \n
        > a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
        \n
        Indeed! `9.6V * 10k/92k = 1.04V` is still below 1.1V, so I should be fine in this case :)\n
        \n
        > 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.\n
        \n
        This is a good point!\n
        \n
        My firmware will be pretty monotonic though, basically:\n
        \n
        1. wake up\n
        2. measure battery\n
        3. measure some other sensors (the actual task of the device)\n
        4. turn on a transceiver, send all the measurements (including battery voltage)\n
        5. turn off transceiver & go to sleep\n
        \n
        So, the load should be always the same at step (2).
        """
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      @nilclass@discuss.tchncs.de\n
      \n
      @WaterWaiver@aussie.zone\n
      \n
      From the stack exchange post: " 10 kΩ or less source resistance is recommended, otherwise the low pass filter effect of the capacitor with the source resistance becomes a major issue, requiring a longer sampling time for conversion and as a result limiting the maximum frequency."\n
      \n
      In other words: a higher source impedance (caused by large resistors) is only going to drastically affect the results when you need to take fast repeated measurements (e.g. an AC source)
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
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        \n
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        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
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        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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            I once met a person that never drank water, only soft drinks. It’s not the unhealthiness of this that disturbed me, but the fact they did it without the requisite paperwork.\n
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            Unlike those disorganised people *I* have a formal waiver. I primarily drink steam and crushed glaciers.
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          You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger (by a factor of 10x or maybe even 100x). Lookup the input impedance for the ADC of your model of ATmega, as long as it’s >10x the size of your resistors then your circuit will probably be accurate enough.\n
          \n
          A couple more things to keep in mind:\n
          \n
          - a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
          - 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.
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      +body: """
        > You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger\n
        \n
        That’s what I thought initially, but [this stackoverflow post](https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/250759/how-many-ohm-is-the-adc-port-internal-resistance-of-the-atmega8#250767) dissuaded me. The argument there is that the measurement will be wrong, if the input current is not enough to charge the internal cap within the measurement period. But I’ve done some testing now, and measurements done with 820k and 100k agree well with what my voltmeter measures, so I’ll go with this solution!\n
        \n
        > a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
        \n
        Indeed! `9.6V * 10k/92k = 1.04V` is still below 1.1V, so I should be fine in this case :)\n
        \n
        > 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.\n
        \n
        This is a good point!\n
        \n
        My firmware will be pretty monotonic though, basically:\n
        \n
        1. wake up\n
        2. measure battery\n
        3. measure some other sensors (the actual task of the device)\n
        4. turn on a transceiver, send all the measurements (including battery voltage)\n
        5. turn off transceiver & go to sleep\n
        \n
        So, the load should be always the same at step (2).
        """
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      @nilclass@discuss.tchncs.de\n
      \n
      @WaterWaiver@aussie.zone\n
      \n
      From the stack exchange post: " 10 kΩ or less source resistance is recommended, otherwise the low pass filter effect of the capacitor with the source resistance becomes a major issue, requiring a longer sampling time for conversion and as a result limiting the maximum frequency."\n
      \n
      In other words: a higher source impedance (caused by large resistors) is only going to drastically affect the results when you need to take fast repeated measurements (e.g. an AC source)
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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          You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger (by a factor of 10x or maybe even 100x). Lookup the input impedance for the ADC of your model of ATmega, as long as it’s >10x the size of your resistors then your circuit will probably be accurate enough.\n
          \n
          A couple more things to keep in mind:\n
          \n
          - a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
          - 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.
          """
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      +body: """
        > You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger\n
        \n
        That’s what I thought initially, but [this stackoverflow post](https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/250759/how-many-ohm-is-the-adc-port-internal-resistance-of-the-atmega8#250767) dissuaded me. The argument there is that the measurement will be wrong, if the input current is not enough to charge the internal cap within the measurement period. But I’ve done some testing now, and measurements done with 820k and 100k agree well with what my voltmeter measures, so I’ll go with this solution!\n
        \n
        > a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
        \n
        Indeed! `9.6V * 10k/92k = 1.04V` is still below 1.1V, so I should be fine in this case :)\n
        \n
        > 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.\n
        \n
        This is a good point!\n
        \n
        My firmware will be pretty monotonic though, basically:\n
        \n
        1. wake up\n
        2. measure battery\n
        3. measure some other sensors (the actual task of the device)\n
        4. turn on a transceiver, send all the measurements (including battery voltage)\n
        5. turn off transceiver & go to sleep\n
        \n
        So, the load should be always the same at step (2).
        """
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      @nilclass@discuss.tchncs.de\n
      \n
      @WaterWaiver@aussie.zone\n
      \n
      From the stack exchange post: " 10 kΩ or less source resistance is recommended, otherwise the low pass filter effect of the capacitor with the source resistance becomes a major issue, requiring a longer sampling time for conversion and as a result limiting the maximum frequency."\n
      \n
      In other words: a higher source impedance (caused by large resistors) is only going to drastically affect the results when you need to take fast repeated measurements (e.g. an AC source)
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      +body: """
        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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          You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger (by a factor of 10x or maybe even 100x). Lookup the input impedance for the ADC of your model of ATmega, as long as it’s >10x the size of your resistors then your circuit will probably be accurate enough.\n
          \n
          A couple more things to keep in mind:\n
          \n
          - a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
          - 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.
          """
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      +body: """
        > You could probably increase the 82K and 10K resistors to be much bigger\n
        \n
        That’s what I thought initially, but [this stackoverflow post](https://electronics.stackexchange.com/questions/250759/how-many-ohm-is-the-adc-port-internal-resistance-of-the-atmega8#250767) dissuaded me. The argument there is that the measurement will be wrong, if the input current is not enough to charge the internal cap within the measurement period. But I’ve done some testing now, and measurements done with 820k and 100k agree well with what my voltmeter measures, so I’ll go with this solution!\n
        \n
        > a fresh alkaline 9V battery is actually 9.6V or more, not 9V.\n
        \n
        Indeed! `9.6V * 10k/92k = 1.04V` is still below 1.1V, so I should be fine in this case :)\n
        \n
        > 9V battery voltages droop noticeably when under load because of their high internal resistance. Make sure to measure under the same conditions.\n
        \n
        This is a good point!\n
        \n
        My firmware will be pretty monotonic though, basically:\n
        \n
        1. wake up\n
        2. measure battery\n
        3. measure some other sensors (the actual task of the device)\n
        4. turn on a transceiver, send all the measurements (including battery voltage)\n
        5. turn off transceiver & go to sleep\n
        \n
        So, the load should be always the same at step (2).
        """
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      @nilclass@discuss.tchncs.de\n
      \n
      @WaterWaiver@aussie.zone\n
      \n
      From the stack exchange post: " 10 kΩ or less source resistance is recommended, otherwise the low pass filter effect of the capacitor with the source resistance becomes a major issue, requiring a longer sampling time for conversion and as a result limiting the maximum frequency."\n
      \n
      In other words: a higher source impedance (caused by large resistors) is only going to drastically affect the results when you need to take fast repeated measurements (e.g. an AC source)
      """
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          \n
          Rules\n
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          \n
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      +body: """
        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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    +body: """
      Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
      \n
      Add a gate pull up resistor to source to ensure the FET is off by default, have the micro pull the gate down to take a measurement. You’ll probably need to add another resistor on the control pin to 0V to limit the voltage there also, but those two can be much much higher values to really limit current. Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
      \n
      Switch it with an NFET\n
      \n
      The micro will see 0V or divided/clamped battery voltage on the measurement pin.
      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
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        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
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        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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      Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
      \n
      Add a gate pull up resistor to source to ensure the FET is off by default, have the micro pull the gate down to take a measurement. You’ll probably need to add another resistor on the control pin to 0V to limit the voltage there also, but those two can be much much higher values to really limit current. Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
      \n
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      \n
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      """
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    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4194 …}
    +apId: "Yonrak@feddit.uk"
    +apProfileId: "https://feddit.uk/u/Yonrak"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://feddit.uk/u/Yonrak"
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://feddit.uk/inbox"
    +apDomain: "feddit.uk"
    +apPreferredUsername: "Yonrak"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1692955883 {#4132
      date: 2023-08-25 11:31:23.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1692950596 {#4124
      date: 2023-08-25 10:03:16.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  "showAvatar" => false
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\UserInlineComponent {#6691
  +user: App\Entity\User {#4111
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "Yonrak@feddit.uk"
    +username: "@Yonrak@feddit.uk"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1692955883 {#4130
      date: 2023-08-25 11:31:23.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: false
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: true
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: true
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
    +isVerified: false
    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4110 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4108 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4106 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4104 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4102 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4100 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4098 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4096 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4157 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4160 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4162 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4164 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4166 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4168 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4170 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4172 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4174 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4176 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4178 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4180 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4182 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4184 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4186 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4188 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4190 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4192 …}
    -id: 42482
    -password: "$2y$13$NhIMiF1JXctMkB.To0A1l.9Yf5tUWEmnsXRxLOIoPHjfEy4B2UkMe"
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4194 …}
    +apId: "Yonrak@feddit.uk"
    +apProfileId: "https://feddit.uk/u/Yonrak"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://feddit.uk/u/Yonrak"
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://feddit.uk/inbox"
    +apDomain: "feddit.uk"
    +apPreferredUsername: "Yonrak"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1692955883 {#4132
      date: 2023-08-25 11:31:23.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1692950596 {#4124
      date: 2023-08-25 10:03:16.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  +showAvatar: false
}
date App\Twig\Components\DateComponent 12.0 MiB 0.14 ms
Input props 
[
  "date" => DateTimeImmutable @1692950595 {#4134
    date: 2023-08-25 10:03:15.0 +02:00
  }
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\DateComponent {#6746
  +date: DateTimeImmutable @1692950595 {#4134
    date: 2023-08-25 10:03:15.0 +02:00
  }
}
date_edited App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent 12.0 MiB 0.13 ms
Input props 
[
  "createdAt" => DateTimeImmutable @1692950595 {#4134
    date: 2023-08-25 10:03:15.0 +02:00
  }
  "editedAt" => DateTimeImmutable @1692969047 {#4137
    date: 2023-08-25 15:10:47.0 +02:00
  }
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent {#6800
  +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1692950595 {#4134
    date: 2023-08-25 10:03:15.0 +02:00
  }
  +editedAt: DateTimeImmutable @1692969047 {#4137
    date: 2023-08-25 15:10:47.0 +02:00
  }
}
user_avatar App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent 12.0 MiB 0.13 ms
Input props 
[
  "user" => App\Entity\User {#4111
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "Yonrak@feddit.uk"
    +username: "@Yonrak@feddit.uk"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1692955883 {#4130
      date: 2023-08-25 11:31:23.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: false
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: true
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: true
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
    +isVerified: false
    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4110 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4108 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4106 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4104 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4102 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4100 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4098 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4096 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4157 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4160 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4162 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4164 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4166 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4168 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4170 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4172 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4174 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4176 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4178 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4180 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4182 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4184 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4186 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4188 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4190 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4192 …}
    -id: 42482
    -password: "$2y$13$NhIMiF1JXctMkB.To0A1l.9Yf5tUWEmnsXRxLOIoPHjfEy4B2UkMe"
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4194 …}
    +apId: "Yonrak@feddit.uk"
    +apProfileId: "https://feddit.uk/u/Yonrak"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://feddit.uk/u/Yonrak"
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://feddit.uk/inbox"
    +apDomain: "feddit.uk"
    +apPreferredUsername: "Yonrak"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1692955883 {#4132
      date: 2023-08-25 11:31:23.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1692950596 {#4124
      date: 2023-08-25 10:03:16.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  "width" => 40
  "height" => 40
  "asLink" => true
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent {#6854
  +width: 40
  +height: 40
  +user: App\Entity\User {#4111
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "Yonrak@feddit.uk"
    +username: "@Yonrak@feddit.uk"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1692955883 {#4130
      date: 2023-08-25 11:31:23.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: false
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: true
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: true
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
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    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4110 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4108 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4106 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4104 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4102 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4100 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4098 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4096 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4157 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4160 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4162 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4164 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4166 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4168 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4170 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4172 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4174 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4176 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4178 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4180 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4182 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4184 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4186 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4188 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4190 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4192 …}
    -id: 42482
    -password: "$2y$13$NhIMiF1JXctMkB.To0A1l.9Yf5tUWEmnsXRxLOIoPHjfEy4B2UkMe"
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4194 …}
    +apId: "Yonrak@feddit.uk"
    +apProfileId: "https://feddit.uk/u/Yonrak"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://feddit.uk/u/Yonrak"
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://feddit.uk/inbox"
    +apDomain: "feddit.uk"
    +apPreferredUsername: "Yonrak"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1692955883 {#4132
      date: 2023-08-25 11:31:23.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
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    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1692950596 {#4124
      date: 2023-08-25 10:03:16.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  +asLink: true
}
vote App\Twig\Components\VoteComponent 12.0 MiB 0.34 ms
Input props 
[
  "subject" => App\Entity\EntryComment {#4129
    +user: App\Entity\User {#4111
      +avatar: null
      +cover: null
      +email: "Yonrak@feddit.uk"
      +username: "@Yonrak@feddit.uk"
      +roles: []
      +followersCount: 0
      +homepage: "front"
      +about: null
      +lastActive: DateTime @1692955883 {#4130
        date: 2023-08-25 11:31:23.0 +02:00
      }
      +markedForDeletionAt: null
      +fields: null
      +oauthGithubId: null
      +oauthGoogleId: null
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      +oauthKeycloakId: null
      +hideAdult: true
      +showSubscribedUsers: true
      +showSubscribedMagazines: true
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      +preferredLanguages: []
      +featuredMagazines: null
      +showProfileSubscriptions: false
      +showProfileFollowings: true
      +markNewComments: false
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      +notifyOnNewEntryReply: true
      +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: true
      +notifyOnNewPost: false
      +notifyOnNewPostReply: true
      +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: true
      +addMentionsEntries: false
      +addMentionsPosts: true
      +isBanned: false
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      +isDeleted: false
      +isBot: false
      +spamProtection: true
      +customCss: null
      +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
      +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4110 …}
      +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4108 …}
      +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4106 …}
      +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4104 …}
      +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4102 …}
      +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4100 …}
      +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4098 …}
      +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4096 …}
      +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4157 …}
      +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4160 …}
      +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4162 …}
      +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4164 …}
      +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4166 …}
      +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4168 …}
      +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4170 …}
      +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4172 …}
      +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4174 …}
      +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4176 …}
      +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4178 …}
      +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4180 …}
      +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4182 …}
      +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4184 …}
      +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4186 …}
      +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4188 …}
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      +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4192 …}
      -id: 42482
      -password: "$2y$13$NhIMiF1JXctMkB.To0A1l.9Yf5tUWEmnsXRxLOIoPHjfEy4B2UkMe"
      -totpSecret: null
      -totpBackupCodes: []
      -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4194 …}
      +apId: "Yonrak@feddit.uk"
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      +apPublicUrl: "https://feddit.uk/u/Yonrak"
      +apFollowersUrl: null
      +apInboxUrl: "https://feddit.uk/inbox"
      +apDomain: "feddit.uk"
      +apPreferredUsername: "Yonrak"
      +apDiscoverable: true
      +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
      +privateKey: null
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      +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1692955883 {#4132
        date: 2023-08-25 11:31:23.0 +02:00
      }
      +apDeletedAt: null
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      +visibility: "visible             "
      +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1692950596 {#4124
        date: 2023-08-25 10:03:16.0 +02:00
      }
    }
    +entry: App\Entity\Entry {#2412
      +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1970
        +avatar: null
        +cover: null
        +email: "nilclass@discuss.tchncs.de"
        +username: "@nilclass@discuss.tchncs.de"
        +roles: []
        +followersCount: 0
        +homepage: "front"
        +about: null
        +lastActive: DateTime @1721268563 {#1536
          date: 2024-07-18 04:09:23.0 +02:00
        }
        +markedForDeletionAt: null
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        +oauthGithubId: null
        +oauthGoogleId: null
        +oauthFacebookId: null
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        +hideAdult: true
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        +showSubscribedMagazines: true
        +showSubscribedDomains: true
        +preferredLanguages: []
        +featuredMagazines: null
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        +markNewComments: false
        +notifyOnNewEntry: false
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        +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: false
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        +addMentionsEntries: false
        +addMentionsPosts: true
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        +isDeleted: false
        +isBot: false
        +spamProtection: true
        +customCss: null
        +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
        +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1518 …}
        +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1520 …}
        +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1632 …}
        +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1631 …}
        +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1704 …}
        +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1712 …}
        +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1468 …}
        +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1659 …}
        +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1487 …}
        +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1767 …}
        +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1638 …}
        +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1492 …}
        +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1634 …}
        +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1660 …}
        +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1627 …}
        +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1419 …}
        +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1412 …}
        +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1453 …}
        +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1432 …}
        +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1425 …}
        +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1435 …}
        +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1699 …}
        +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1703 …}
        +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1430 …}
        +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1595 …}
        +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1645 …}
        -id: 6046
        -password: "$2y$13$FEroXtR95mjA6.omogLZRe7NJuWUL6hb.9a/FfXkqyIPnPgg4Apme"
        -totpSecret: null
        -totpBackupCodes: []
        -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1678 …}
        +apId: "nilclass@discuss.tchncs.de"
        +apProfileId: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/u/nilclass"
        +apPublicUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/u/nilclass"
        +apFollowersUrl: null
        +apInboxUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/inbox"
        +apDomain: "discuss.tchncs.de"
        +apPreferredUsername: "nilclass"
        +apDiscoverable: true
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        +privateKey: null
        +publicKey: null
        +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1720630912 {#1515
          date: 2024-07-10 19:01:52.0 +02:00
        }
        +apDeletedAt: null
        +apTimeoutAt: null
        +visibility: "visible             "
        +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1687291240 {#1516
          date: 2023-06-20 22:00:40.0 +02:00
        }
        +__isInitialized__: true
         …2
      }
      +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#266
        +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#247 …}
        +name: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
        +title: "askelectronics"
        +description: """
          **For questions about component-level electronic circuits, tools and equipment.**\n
          \n
          Rules\n
          -----\n
          \n
          1: Be nice.\n
          \n
          2: Be on-topic (eg: *Electronic*, not *electrical*).\n
          \n
          3: No commercial stuff, buying, selling or valuations.\n
          \n
          4: Be safe.\n
          \n
          ---
          """
        +rules: null
        +subscriptionsCount: 1
        +entryCount: 154
        +entryCommentCount: 1230
        +postCount: 1
        +postCommentCount: 4
        +isAdult: false
        +customCss: null
        +lastActive: DateTime @1729413608 {#276
          date: 2024-10-20 10:40:08.0 +02:00
        }
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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      Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
      \n
      Add a gate pull up resistor to source to ensure the FET is off by default, have the micro pull the gate down to take a measurement. You’ll probably need to add another resistor on the control pin to 0V to limit the voltage there also, but those two can be much much higher values to really limit current. Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
      \n
      Switch it with an NFET\n
      \n
      The micro will see 0V or divided/clamped battery voltage on the measurement pin.
      """
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      +slug: "How-to-improve-my-battery-measurement-circuit"
      +title: "How to improve my battery measurement circuit?"
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      +body: """
        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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      Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
      \n
      Add a gate pull up resistor to source to ensure the FET is off by default, have the micro pull the gate down to take a measurement. You’ll probably need to add another resistor on the control pin to 0V to limit the voltage there also, but those two can be much much higher values to really limit current. Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
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      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
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        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
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        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
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        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
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        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
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        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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      Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
      \n
      Add a gate pull up resistor to source to ensure the FET is off by default, have the micro pull the gate down to take a measurement. You’ll probably need to add another resistor on the control pin to 0V to limit the voltage there also, but those two can be much much higher values to really limit current. Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
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        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
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        \n
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        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
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        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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      Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
      \n
      Add a gate pull up resistor to source to ensure the FET is off by default, have the micro pull the gate down to take a measurement. You’ll probably need to add another resistor on the control pin to 0V to limit the voltage there also, but those two can be much much higher values to really limit current. Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
      \n
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      \n
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      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
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        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
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        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
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        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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      Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
      \n
      Add a gate pull up resistor to source to ensure the FET is off by default, have the micro pull the gate down to take a measurement. You’ll probably need to add another resistor on the control pin to 0V to limit the voltage there also, but those two can be much much higher values to really limit current. Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
      \n
      Switch it with an NFET\n
      \n
      The micro will see 0V or divided/clamped battery voltage on the measurement pin.
      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
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        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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      Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
      \n
      Add a gate pull up resistor to source to ensure the FET is off by default, have the micro pull the gate down to take a measurement. You’ll probably need to add another resistor on the control pin to 0V to limit the voltage there also, but those two can be much much higher values to really limit current. Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
      \n
      Switch it with an NFET\n
      \n
      The micro will see 0V or divided/clamped battery voltage on the measurement pin.
      """
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      +body: """
        > Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
        \n
        That’s a great idea! Unfortunately I don’t have a P-FET lying around, so cannot try it right now.\n
        \n
        > Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
        \n
        Not sure I understand this point. Which resistor would you replace with a diode?
        """
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        > Not sure I understand this point. Which resistor would you replace with a diode?\n
        \n
        Sorry, I think I was talking nonesense (doing this in my head and just woke up 😅).\n
        \n
        Not sure it’ll work with just a P-FET actually. You’ll likely need to control the PFET with a NFET, otherwise you still end up with too high a voltage on your control pin when the FET is off due to the gate pullup (unless you can use a fet with a very high Vgs Threshold and then drive it push/pull from the micro, but this isn’t really best practice).\n
        \n
        The above comment about diodes was to protect the microcontroller pin, but you end up not being able to control the FET doing it that way.\n
        \n
        I think either your existing Option 3 or PFET upstream of the divider, switched via an N-FET is the way to go.
        """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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        Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
        \n
        Add a gate pull up resistor to source to ensure the FET is off by default, have the micro pull the gate down to take a measurement. You’ll probably need to add another resistor on the control pin to 0V to limit the voltage there also, but those two can be much much higher values to really limit current. Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
        \n
        Switch it with an NFET\n
        \n
        The micro will see 0V or divided/clamped battery voltage on the measurement pin.
        """
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      > Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
      \n
      That’s a great idea! Unfortunately I don’t have a P-FET lying around, so cannot try it right now.\n
      \n
      > Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
      \n
      Not sure I understand this point. Which resistor would you replace with a diode?
      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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        Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
        \n
        Add a gate pull up resistor to source to ensure the FET is off by default, have the micro pull the gate down to take a measurement. You’ll probably need to add another resistor on the control pin to 0V to limit the voltage there also, but those two can be much much higher values to really limit current. Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
        \n
        Switch it with an NFET\n
        \n
        The micro will see 0V or divided/clamped battery voltage on the measurement pin.
        """
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      > Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
      \n
      That’s a great idea! Unfortunately I don’t have a P-FET lying around, so cannot try it right now.\n
      \n
      > Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
      \n
      Not sure I understand this point. Which resistor would you replace with a diode?
      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
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        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
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        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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      +body: """
        Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
        \n
        Add a gate pull up resistor to source to ensure the FET is off by default, have the micro pull the gate down to take a measurement. You’ll probably need to add another resistor on the control pin to 0V to limit the voltage there also, but those two can be much much higher values to really limit current. Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
        \n
        Switch it with an NFET\n
        \n
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        """
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      > Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
      \n
      That’s a great idea! Unfortunately I don’t have a P-FET lying around, so cannot try it right now.\n
      \n
      > Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
      \n
      Not sure I understand this point. Which resistor would you replace with a diode?
      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
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        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
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        \n
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        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
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        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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        Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
        \n
        Add a gate pull up resistor to source to ensure the FET is off by default, have the micro pull the gate down to take a measurement. You’ll probably need to add another resistor on the control pin to 0V to limit the voltage there also, but those two can be much much higher values to really limit current. Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
        \n
        Switch it with an NFET\n
        \n
        The micro will see 0V or divided/clamped battery voltage on the measurement pin.
        """
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      > Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
      \n
      That’s a great idea! Unfortunately I don’t have a P-FET lying around, so cannot try it right now.\n
      \n
      > Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
      \n
      Not sure I understand this point. Which resistor would you replace with a diode?
      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
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        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
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        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
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        Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
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        Add a gate pull up resistor to source to ensure the FET is off by default, have the micro pull the gate down to take a measurement. You’ll probably need to add another resistor on the control pin to 0V to limit the voltage there also, but those two can be much much higher values to really limit current. Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
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      > Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
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      That’s a great idea! Unfortunately I don’t have a P-FET lying around, so cannot try it right now.\n
      \n
      > Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
      \n
      Not sure I understand this point. Which resistor would you replace with a diode?
      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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        Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
        \n
        Add a gate pull up resistor to source to ensure the FET is off by default, have the micro pull the gate down to take a measurement. You’ll probably need to add another resistor on the control pin to 0V to limit the voltage there also, but those two can be much much higher values to really limit current. Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
        \n
        Switch it with an NFET\n
        \n
        The micro will see 0V or divided/clamped battery voltage on the measurement pin.
        """
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      > Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
      \n
      That’s a great idea! Unfortunately I don’t have a P-FET lying around, so cannot try it right now.\n
      \n
      > Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
      \n
      Not sure I understand this point. Which resistor would you replace with a diode?
      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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        Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
        \n
        Add a gate pull up resistor to source to ensure the FET is off by default, have the micro pull the gate down to take a measurement. You’ll probably need to add another resistor on the control pin to 0V to limit the voltage there also, but those two can be much much higher values to really limit current. Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
        \n
        Switch it with an NFET\n
        \n
        The micro will see 0V or divided/clamped battery voltage on the measurement pin.
        """
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      > Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
      \n
      That’s a great idea! Unfortunately I don’t have a P-FET lying around, so cannot try it right now.\n
      \n
      > Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
      \n
      Not sure I understand this point. Which resistor would you replace with a diode?
      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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      +body: """
        Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
        \n
        Add a gate pull up resistor to source to ensure the FET is off by default, have the micro pull the gate down to take a measurement. You’ll probably need to add another resistor on the control pin to 0V to limit the voltage there also, but those two can be much much higher values to really limit current. Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
        \n
        Switch it with an NFET\n
        \n
        The micro will see 0V or divided/clamped battery voltage on the measurement pin.
        """
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      > Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
      \n
      That’s a great idea! Unfortunately I don’t have a P-FET lying around, so cannot try it right now.\n
      \n
      > Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
      \n
      Not sure I understand this point. Which resistor would you replace with a diode?
      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
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        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
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        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
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        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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          Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
          \n
          Add a gate pull up resistor to source to ensure the FET is off by default, have the micro pull the gate down to take a measurement. You’ll probably need to add another resistor on the control pin to 0V to limit the voltage there also, but those two can be much much higher values to really limit current. Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
          \n
          Switch it with an NFET\n
          \n
          The micro will see 0V or divided/clamped battery voltage on the measurement pin.
          """
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      +body: """
        > Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
        \n
        That’s a great idea! Unfortunately I don’t have a P-FET lying around, so cannot try it right now.\n
        \n
        > Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
        \n
        Not sure I understand this point. Which resistor would you replace with a diode?
        """
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      > Not sure I understand this point. Which resistor would you replace with a diode?\n
      \n
      Sorry, I think I was talking nonesense (doing this in my head and just woke up 😅).\n
      \n
      Not sure it’ll work with just a P-FET actually. You’ll likely need to control the PFET with a NFET, otherwise you still end up with too high a voltage on your control pin when the FET is off due to the gate pullup (unless you can use a fet with a very high Vgs Threshold and then drive it push/pull from the micro, but this isn’t really best practice).\n
      \n
      The above comment about diodes was to protect the microcontroller pin, but you end up not being able to control the FET doing it that way.\n
      \n
      I think either your existing Option 3 or PFET upstream of the divider, switched via an N-FET is the way to go.
      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
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        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
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        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
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        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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        +body: """
          Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
          \n
          Add a gate pull up resistor to source to ensure the FET is off by default, have the micro pull the gate down to take a measurement. You’ll probably need to add another resistor on the control pin to 0V to limit the voltage there also, but those two can be much much higher values to really limit current. Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
          \n
          Switch it with an NFET\n
          \n
          The micro will see 0V or divided/clamped battery voltage on the measurement pin.
          """
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      +body: """
        > Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
        \n
        That’s a great idea! Unfortunately I don’t have a P-FET lying around, so cannot try it right now.\n
        \n
        > Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
        \n
        Not sure I understand this point. Which resistor would you replace with a diode?
        """
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      > Not sure I understand this point. Which resistor would you replace with a diode?\n
      \n
      Sorry, I think I was talking nonesense (doing this in my head and just woke up 😅).\n
      \n
      Not sure it’ll work with just a P-FET actually. You’ll likely need to control the PFET with a NFET, otherwise you still end up with too high a voltage on your control pin when the FET is off due to the gate pullup (unless you can use a fet with a very high Vgs Threshold and then drive it push/pull from the micro, but this isn’t really best practice).\n
      \n
      The above comment about diodes was to protect the microcontroller pin, but you end up not being able to control the FET doing it that way.\n
      \n
      I think either your existing Option 3 or PFET upstream of the divider, switched via an N-FET is the way to go.
      """
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    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1692950596 {#4124
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  +showAvatar: false
}
date App\Twig\Components\DateComponent 12.0 MiB 0.13 ms
Input props 
[
  "date" => DateTimeImmutable @1692955881 {#4427
    date: 2023-08-25 11:31:21.0 +02:00
  }
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\DateComponent {#7720
  +date: DateTimeImmutable @1692955881 {#4427
    date: 2023-08-25 11:31:21.0 +02:00
  }
}
date_edited App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent 12.0 MiB 0.11 ms
Input props 
[
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    date: 2023-08-25 11:31:21.0 +02:00
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  "editedAt" => DateTimeImmutable @1692956099 {#4426
    date: 2023-08-25 11:34:59.0 +02:00
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]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent {#7774
  +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1692955881 {#4427
    date: 2023-08-25 11:31:21.0 +02:00
  }
  +editedAt: DateTimeImmutable @1692956099 {#4426
    date: 2023-08-25 11:34:59.0 +02:00
  }
}
user_avatar App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent 12.0 MiB 0.13 ms
Input props 
[
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  "width" => 40
  "height" => 40
  "asLink" => true
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent {#7828
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      date: 2023-08-25 10:03:16.0 +02:00
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}
vote App\Twig\Components\VoteComponent 12.0 MiB 0.53 ms
Input props 
[
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    +user: App\Entity\User {#4111
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    +entry: App\Entity\Entry {#2412
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          date: 2023-06-20 22:00:40.0 +02:00
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        +__isInitialized__: true
         …2
      }
      +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#266
        +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#247 …}
        +name: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
        +title: "askelectronics"
        +description: """
          **For questions about component-level electronic circuits, tools and equipment.**\n
          \n
          Rules\n
          -----\n
          \n
          1: Be nice.\n
          \n
          2: Be on-topic (eg: *Electronic*, not *electrical*).\n
          \n
          3: No commercial stuff, buying, selling or valuations.\n
          \n
          4: Be safe.\n
          \n
          ---
          """
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          date: 2024-10-20 10:40:08.0 +02:00
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      +image: null
      +domain: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Domain {#1915 …}
      +slug: "How-to-improve-my-battery-measurement-circuit"
      +title: "How to improve my battery measurement circuit?"
      +url: null
      +body: """
        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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          Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
          \n
          Add a gate pull up resistor to source to ensure the FET is off by default, have the micro pull the gate down to take a measurement. You’ll probably need to add another resistor on the control pin to 0V to limit the voltage there also, but those two can be much much higher values to really limit current. Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
          \n
          Switch it with an NFET\n
          \n
          The micro will see 0V or divided/clamped battery voltage on the measurement pin.
          """
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        > Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
        \n
        That’s a great idea! Unfortunately I don’t have a P-FET lying around, so cannot try it right now.\n
        \n
        > Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
        \n
        Not sure I understand this point. Which resistor would you replace with a diode?
        """
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      > Not sure I understand this point. Which resistor would you replace with a diode?\n
      \n
      Sorry, I think I was talking nonesense (doing this in my head and just woke up 😅).\n
      \n
      Not sure it’ll work with just a P-FET actually. You’ll likely need to control the PFET with a NFET, otherwise you still end up with too high a voltage on your control pin when the FET is off due to the gate pullup (unless you can use a fet with a very high Vgs Threshold and then drive it push/pull from the micro, but this isn’t really best practice).\n
      \n
      The above comment about diodes was to protect the microcontroller pin, but you end up not being able to control the FET doing it that way.\n
      \n
      I think either your existing Option 3 or PFET upstream of the divider, switched via an N-FET is the way to go.
      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
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        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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          Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
          \n
          Add a gate pull up resistor to source to ensure the FET is off by default, have the micro pull the gate down to take a measurement. You’ll probably need to add another resistor on the control pin to 0V to limit the voltage there also, but those two can be much much higher values to really limit current. Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
          \n
          Switch it with an NFET\n
          \n
          The micro will see 0V or divided/clamped battery voltage on the measurement pin.
          """
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      +body: """
        > Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
        \n
        That’s a great idea! Unfortunately I don’t have a P-FET lying around, so cannot try it right now.\n
        \n
        > Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
        \n
        Not sure I understand this point. Which resistor would you replace with a diode?
        """
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      > Not sure I understand this point. Which resistor would you replace with a diode?\n
      \n
      Sorry, I think I was talking nonesense (doing this in my head and just woke up 😅).\n
      \n
      Not sure it’ll work with just a P-FET actually. You’ll likely need to control the PFET with a NFET, otherwise you still end up with too high a voltage on your control pin when the FET is off due to the gate pullup (unless you can use a fet with a very high Vgs Threshold and then drive it push/pull from the micro, but this isn’t really best practice).\n
      \n
      The above comment about diodes was to protect the microcontroller pin, but you end up not being able to control the FET doing it that way.\n
      \n
      I think either your existing Option 3 or PFET upstream of the divider, switched via an N-FET is the way to go.
      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
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        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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          Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
          \n
          Add a gate pull up resistor to source to ensure the FET is off by default, have the micro pull the gate down to take a measurement. You’ll probably need to add another resistor on the control pin to 0V to limit the voltage there also, but those two can be much much higher values to really limit current. Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
          \n
          Switch it with an NFET\n
          \n
          The micro will see 0V or divided/clamped battery voltage on the measurement pin.
          """
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        > Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
        \n
        That’s a great idea! Unfortunately I don’t have a P-FET lying around, so cannot try it right now.\n
        \n
        > Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
        \n
        Not sure I understand this point. Which resistor would you replace with a diode?
        """
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      > Not sure I understand this point. Which resistor would you replace with a diode?\n
      \n
      Sorry, I think I was talking nonesense (doing this in my head and just woke up 😅).\n
      \n
      Not sure it’ll work with just a P-FET actually. You’ll likely need to control the PFET with a NFET, otherwise you still end up with too high a voltage on your control pin when the FET is off due to the gate pullup (unless you can use a fet with a very high Vgs Threshold and then drive it push/pull from the micro, but this isn’t really best practice).\n
      \n
      The above comment about diodes was to protect the microcontroller pin, but you end up not being able to control the FET doing it that way.\n
      \n
      I think either your existing Option 3 or PFET upstream of the divider, switched via an N-FET is the way to go.
      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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        +body: """
          Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
          \n
          Add a gate pull up resistor to source to ensure the FET is off by default, have the micro pull the gate down to take a measurement. You’ll probably need to add another resistor on the control pin to 0V to limit the voltage there also, but those two can be much much higher values to really limit current. Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
          \n
          Switch it with an NFET\n
          \n
          The micro will see 0V or divided/clamped battery voltage on the measurement pin.
          """
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      +body: """
        > Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
        \n
        That’s a great idea! Unfortunately I don’t have a P-FET lying around, so cannot try it right now.\n
        \n
        > Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
        \n
        Not sure I understand this point. Which resistor would you replace with a diode?
        """
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      > Not sure I understand this point. Which resistor would you replace with a diode?\n
      \n
      Sorry, I think I was talking nonesense (doing this in my head and just woke up 😅).\n
      \n
      Not sure it’ll work with just a P-FET actually. You’ll likely need to control the PFET with a NFET, otherwise you still end up with too high a voltage on your control pin when the FET is off due to the gate pullup (unless you can use a fet with a very high Vgs Threshold and then drive it push/pull from the micro, but this isn’t really best practice).\n
      \n
      The above comment about diodes was to protect the microcontroller pin, but you end up not being able to control the FET doing it that way.\n
      \n
      I think either your existing Option 3 or PFET upstream of the divider, switched via an N-FET is the way to go.
      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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          Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
          \n
          Add a gate pull up resistor to source to ensure the FET is off by default, have the micro pull the gate down to take a measurement. You’ll probably need to add another resistor on the control pin to 0V to limit the voltage there also, but those two can be much much higher values to really limit current. Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
          \n
          Switch it with an NFET\n
          \n
          The micro will see 0V or divided/clamped battery voltage on the measurement pin.
          """
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        > Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
        \n
        That’s a great idea! Unfortunately I don’t have a P-FET lying around, so cannot try it right now.\n
        \n
        > Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
        \n
        Not sure I understand this point. Which resistor would you replace with a diode?
        """
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      > Not sure I understand this point. Which resistor would you replace with a diode?\n
      \n
      Sorry, I think I was talking nonesense (doing this in my head and just woke up 😅).\n
      \n
      Not sure it’ll work with just a P-FET actually. You’ll likely need to control the PFET with a NFET, otherwise you still end up with too high a voltage on your control pin when the FET is off due to the gate pullup (unless you can use a fet with a very high Vgs Threshold and then drive it push/pull from the micro, but this isn’t really best practice).\n
      \n
      The above comment about diodes was to protect the microcontroller pin, but you end up not being able to control the FET doing it that way.\n
      \n
      I think either your existing Option 3 or PFET upstream of the divider, switched via an N-FET is the way to go.
      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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        +body: """
          Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
          \n
          Add a gate pull up resistor to source to ensure the FET is off by default, have the micro pull the gate down to take a measurement. You’ll probably need to add another resistor on the control pin to 0V to limit the voltage there also, but those two can be much much higher values to really limit current. Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
          \n
          Switch it with an NFET\n
          \n
          The micro will see 0V or divided/clamped battery voltage on the measurement pin.
          """
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      +body: """
        > Could you do similar to diagram 2, but instead of an N-FET use a P-FET between the battery and first resistor in the potential divider?\n
        \n
        That’s a great idea! Unfortunately I don’t have a P-FET lying around, so cannot try it right now.\n
        \n
        > Or use a zener/TVS diode instead of second resistor to clamp the voltage instead of dividing (more robust).\n
        \n
        Not sure I understand this point. Which resistor would you replace with a diode?
        """
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      > Not sure I understand this point. Which resistor would you replace with a diode?\n
      \n
      Sorry, I think I was talking nonesense (doing this in my head and just woke up 😅).\n
      \n
      Not sure it’ll work with just a P-FET actually. You’ll likely need to control the PFET with a NFET, otherwise you still end up with too high a voltage on your control pin when the FET is off due to the gate pullup (unless you can use a fet with a very high Vgs Threshold and then drive it push/pull from the micro, but this isn’t really best practice).\n
      \n
      The above comment about diodes was to protect the microcontroller pin, but you end up not being able to control the FET doing it that way.\n
      \n
      I think either your existing Option 3 or PFET upstream of the divider, switched via an N-FET is the way to go.
      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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      You could use a single MOSFET on the high side of the divider and use a cap + diode to boost the voltage and fully turn on the FET:\n
      \n
      ![](https://lemmy.ca/pictrs/image/8b22113e-3ad3-40c1-80ee-e7b3e6be24cb.png)\n
      \n
      My gate driver is fairly crude but you could probably make something a bit better with a PNP transistor and either pull it down or leave it floating, or instead use a szaiklai pair
      """
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          \n
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          \n
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      +body: """
        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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      +badges: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#2440 …}
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      }
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    }
    +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#266}
    +image: null
    +parent: null
    +root: null
    +body: """
      You could use a single MOSFET on the high side of the divider and use a cap + diode to boost the voltage and fully turn on the FET:\n
      \n
      ![](https://lemmy.ca/pictrs/image/8b22113e-3ad3-40c1-80ee-e7b3e6be24cb.png)\n
      \n
      My gate driver is fairly crude but you could probably make something a bit better with a PNP transistor and either pull it down or leave it floating, or instead use a szaiklai pair
      """
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}
user_inline App\Twig\Components\UserInlineComponent 12.0 MiB 0.15 ms
Input props 
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    +customCss: null
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Component 
App\Twig\Components\UserInlineComponent {#8344
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date App\Twig\Components\DateComponent 12.0 MiB 0.14 ms
Input props 
[
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    date: 2023-08-25 13:14:39.0 +02:00
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]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\DateComponent {#8399
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}
date_edited App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent 12.0 MiB 0.10 ms
Input props 
[
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Attributes 
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Component 
App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent {#8453
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}
user_avatar App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent 12.0 MiB 0.13 ms
Input props 
[
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  "width" => 40
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  "asLink" => true
]
Attributes 
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Component 
App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent {#8507
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vote App\Twig\Components\VoteComponent 12.0 MiB 0.35 ms
Input props 
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
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        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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      You could use a single MOSFET on the high side of the divider and use a cap + diode to boost the voltage and fully turn on the FET:\n
      \n
      ![](https://lemmy.ca/pictrs/image/8b22113e-3ad3-40c1-80ee-e7b3e6be24cb.png)\n
      \n
      My gate driver is fairly crude but you could probably make something a bit better with a PNP transistor and either pull it down or leave it floating, or instead use a szaiklai pair
      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
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        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
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        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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      You could use a single MOSFET on the high side of the divider and use a cap + diode to boost the voltage and fully turn on the FET:\n
      \n
      ![](https://lemmy.ca/pictrs/image/8b22113e-3ad3-40c1-80ee-e7b3e6be24cb.png)\n
      \n
      My gate driver is fairly crude but you could probably make something a bit better with a PNP transistor and either pull it down or leave it floating, or instead use a szaiklai pair
      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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      You could use a single MOSFET on the high side of the divider and use a cap + diode to boost the voltage and fully turn on the FET:\n
      \n
      ![](https://lemmy.ca/pictrs/image/8b22113e-3ad3-40c1-80ee-e7b3e6be24cb.png)\n
      \n
      My gate driver is fairly crude but you could probably make something a bit better with a PNP transistor and either pull it down or leave it floating, or instead use a szaiklai pair
      """
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      +slug: "How-to-improve-my-battery-measurement-circuit"
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      +body: """
        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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      You could use a single MOSFET on the high side of the divider and use a cap + diode to boost the voltage and fully turn on the FET:\n
      \n
      ![](https://lemmy.ca/pictrs/image/8b22113e-3ad3-40c1-80ee-e7b3e6be24cb.png)\n
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      My gate driver is fairly crude but you could probably make something a bit better with a PNP transistor and either pull it down or leave it floating, or instead use a szaiklai pair
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          \n
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
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        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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      You could use a single MOSFET on the high side of the divider and use a cap + diode to boost the voltage and fully turn on the FET:\n
      \n
      ![](https://lemmy.ca/pictrs/image/8b22113e-3ad3-40c1-80ee-e7b3e6be24cb.png)\n
      \n
      My gate driver is fairly crude but you could probably make something a bit better with a PNP transistor and either pull it down or leave it floating, or instead use a szaiklai pair
      """
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      +slug: "How-to-improve-my-battery-measurement-circuit"
      +title: "How to improve my battery measurement circuit?"
      +url: null
      +body: """
        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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    +body: """
      You could use a single MOSFET on the high side of the divider and use a cap + diode to boost the voltage and fully turn on the FET:\n
      \n
      ![](https://lemmy.ca/pictrs/image/8b22113e-3ad3-40c1-80ee-e7b3e6be24cb.png)\n
      \n
      My gate driver is fairly crude but you could probably make something a bit better with a PNP transistor and either pull it down or leave it floating, or instead use a szaiklai pair
      """
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      +body: """
        Hm, I don’t understand how this is supposed to work - is that a n-channel or p-channel FET?\n
        \n
        When I sketch it using falstad’s circuitjs, it looks like the FET (n-channel) is a little bit on all the time\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/dae3ca56-da12-4a48-a023-d3c08c614efb.png)\n
        \n
        and fully on, when a pulse is applied\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/e929b967-601c-4796-8b42-1f17de54f037.png)\n
        \n
        Source:\n
        \n
        spoiler`$ 1 0.000005 10.20027730826997 50 5 43 5e-11 r 144 80 144 176 0 1000 r 0 192 96 192 0 100 t 96 192 144 192 0 1 -8.999999980890745 9.099999980846458e-10 100 default c 144 176 304 176 0 0.000001 -1.7996761414451612e-8 0 f 304 176 384 176 32 2 0.02 d 304 80 304 176 2 default r 384 192 384 272 0 1000 r 384 272 384 352 0 1000 g 384 352 384 384 0 0 g 144 208 144 256 0 0 w 144 80 304 80 0 w 384 160 384 80 0 w 384 80 304 80 0 v 528 256 528 208 0 0 40 9 0 0 0.5 w 528 256 528 352 0 w 528 352 384 352 0 w 528 208 528 80 0 w 528 80 384 80 0 g -48 208 -48 256 0 0 R -48 176 -48 128 0 0 40 5 0 0 0.5 S 0 192 -48 192 0 0 false 0 2 p 384 272 272 272 3 0 0 g 272 272 272 304 0 0`___
        """
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        +root: App\Entity\EntryComment {#4202}
        +body: "It is an N channel FET. The concept is called “bootstrapping” since Vgs needs to be greater than Vth for the MOSFET to be on. When the FET is on the high side and you want the full 9V on the output, you use the diode to charge the capacitor, and the other side of the cap is 0V. Then, when the other side of the cap is connected to 9V, the charge on the cap can’t go anywhere so the voltage on the other side jumps to 18V. This creates a Vgs of 9V. Ideally you would have something better to drive the gate to fully turn off the FET, but I just used a quick and dirty driver where the bootstrap capacitor directly feeds the gate instead of being the input to the driver. Because if this, the Vgs doesn’t drop completely to 0"
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      +body: """
        Nice, than you for sharing!\n
        \n
        I won’t be using this for my measurement issue (the other options are much simpler, and i was aiming for less parts, not more), but I’ll do some experiments to familiarize myself with bootstrapping
        """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
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        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
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        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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      +body: """
        You could use a single MOSFET on the high side of the divider and use a cap + diode to boost the voltage and fully turn on the FET:\n
        \n
        ![](https://lemmy.ca/pictrs/image/8b22113e-3ad3-40c1-80ee-e7b3e6be24cb.png)\n
        \n
        My gate driver is fairly crude but you could probably make something a bit better with a PNP transistor and either pull it down or leave it floating, or instead use a szaiklai pair
        """
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    +body: """
      Hm, I don’t understand how this is supposed to work - is that a n-channel or p-channel FET?\n
      \n
      When I sketch it using falstad’s circuitjs, it looks like the FET (n-channel) is a little bit on all the time\n
      \n
      ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/dae3ca56-da12-4a48-a023-d3c08c614efb.png)\n
      \n
      and fully on, when a pulse is applied\n
      \n
      ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/e929b967-601c-4796-8b42-1f17de54f037.png)\n
      \n
      Source:\n
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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        You could use a single MOSFET on the high side of the divider and use a cap + diode to boost the voltage and fully turn on the FET:\n
        \n
        ![](https://lemmy.ca/pictrs/image/8b22113e-3ad3-40c1-80ee-e7b3e6be24cb.png)\n
        \n
        My gate driver is fairly crude but you could probably make something a bit better with a PNP transistor and either pull it down or leave it floating, or instead use a szaiklai pair
        """
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    +root: App\Entity\EntryComment {#4202}
    +body: """
      Hm, I don’t understand how this is supposed to work - is that a n-channel or p-channel FET?\n
      \n
      When I sketch it using falstad’s circuitjs, it looks like the FET (n-channel) is a little bit on all the time\n
      \n
      ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/dae3ca56-da12-4a48-a023-d3c08c614efb.png)\n
      \n
      and fully on, when a pulse is applied\n
      \n
      ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/e929b967-601c-4796-8b42-1f17de54f037.png)\n
      \n
      Source:\n
      \n
      spoiler`$ 1 0.000005 10.20027730826997 50 5 43 5e-11 r 144 80 144 176 0 1000 r 0 192 96 192 0 100 t 96 192 144 192 0 1 -8.999999980890745 9.099999980846458e-10 100 default c 144 176 304 176 0 0.000001 -1.7996761414451612e-8 0 f 304 176 384 176 32 2 0.02 d 304 80 304 176 2 default r 384 192 384 272 0 1000 r 384 272 384 352 0 1000 g 384 352 384 384 0 0 g 144 208 144 256 0 0 w 144 80 304 80 0 w 384 160 384 80 0 w 384 80 304 80 0 v 528 256 528 208 0 0 40 9 0 0 0.5 w 528 256 528 352 0 w 528 352 384 352 0 w 528 208 528 80 0 w 528 80 384 80 0 g -48 208 -48 256 0 0 R -48 176 -48 128 0 0 40 5 0 0 0.5 S 0 192 -48 192 0 0 false 0 2 p 384 272 272 272 3 0 0 g 272 272 272 304 0 0`___
      """
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      "@jjagaimo@lemmy.ca"
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user_inline App\Twig\Components\UserInlineComponent 12.0 MiB 0.14 ms
Input props 
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Component 
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date App\Twig\Components\DateComponent 12.0 MiB 0.13 ms
Input props 
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]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\DateComponent {#9041
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}
date_edited App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent 12.0 MiB 0.09 ms
Input props 
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Attributes 
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Component 
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Input props 
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     …2
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Attributes 
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Component 
App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent {#9149
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vote App\Twig\Components\VoteComponent 12.0 MiB 2.88 ms
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
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        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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      +body: """
        You could use a single MOSFET on the high side of the divider and use a cap + diode to boost the voltage and fully turn on the FET:\n
        \n
        ![](https://lemmy.ca/pictrs/image/8b22113e-3ad3-40c1-80ee-e7b3e6be24cb.png)\n
        \n
        My gate driver is fairly crude but you could probably make something a bit better with a PNP transistor and either pull it down or leave it floating, or instead use a szaiklai pair
        """
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    +body: """
      Hm, I don’t understand how this is supposed to work - is that a n-channel or p-channel FET?\n
      \n
      When I sketch it using falstad’s circuitjs, it looks like the FET (n-channel) is a little bit on all the time\n
      \n
      ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/dae3ca56-da12-4a48-a023-d3c08c614efb.png)\n
      \n
      and fully on, when a pulse is applied\n
      \n
      ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/e929b967-601c-4796-8b42-1f17de54f037.png)\n
      \n
      Source:\n
      \n
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      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
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        \n
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        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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      +body: """
        You could use a single MOSFET on the high side of the divider and use a cap + diode to boost the voltage and fully turn on the FET:\n
        \n
        ![](https://lemmy.ca/pictrs/image/8b22113e-3ad3-40c1-80ee-e7b3e6be24cb.png)\n
        \n
        My gate driver is fairly crude but you could probably make something a bit better with a PNP transistor and either pull it down or leave it floating, or instead use a szaiklai pair
        """
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    +body: """
      Hm, I don’t understand how this is supposed to work - is that a n-channel or p-channel FET?\n
      \n
      When I sketch it using falstad’s circuitjs, it looks like the FET (n-channel) is a little bit on all the time\n
      \n
      ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/dae3ca56-da12-4a48-a023-d3c08c614efb.png)\n
      \n
      and fully on, when a pulse is applied\n
      \n
      ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/e929b967-601c-4796-8b42-1f17de54f037.png)\n
      \n
      Source:\n
      \n
      spoiler`$ 1 0.000005 10.20027730826997 50 5 43 5e-11 r 144 80 144 176 0 1000 r 0 192 96 192 0 100 t 96 192 144 192 0 1 -8.999999980890745 9.099999980846458e-10 100 default c 144 176 304 176 0 0.000001 -1.7996761414451612e-8 0 f 304 176 384 176 32 2 0.02 d 304 80 304 176 2 default r 384 192 384 272 0 1000 r 384 272 384 352 0 1000 g 384 352 384 384 0 0 g 144 208 144 256 0 0 w 144 80 304 80 0 w 384 160 384 80 0 w 384 80 304 80 0 v 528 256 528 208 0 0 40 9 0 0 0.5 w 528 256 528 352 0 w 528 352 384 352 0 w 528 208 528 80 0 w 528 80 384 80 0 g -48 208 -48 256 0 0 R -48 176 -48 128 0 0 40 5 0 0 0.5 S 0 192 -48 192 0 0 false 0 2 p 384 272 272 272 3 0 0 g 272 272 272 304 0 0`___
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
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        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
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        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
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        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
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        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
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        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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        You could use a single MOSFET on the high side of the divider and use a cap + diode to boost the voltage and fully turn on the FET:\n
        \n
        ![](https://lemmy.ca/pictrs/image/8b22113e-3ad3-40c1-80ee-e7b3e6be24cb.png)\n
        \n
        My gate driver is fairly crude but you could probably make something a bit better with a PNP transistor and either pull it down or leave it floating, or instead use a szaiklai pair
        """
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    +body: """
      Hm, I don’t understand how this is supposed to work - is that a n-channel or p-channel FET?\n
      \n
      When I sketch it using falstad’s circuitjs, it looks like the FET (n-channel) is a little bit on all the time\n
      \n
      ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/dae3ca56-da12-4a48-a023-d3c08c614efb.png)\n
      \n
      and fully on, when a pulse is applied\n
      \n
      ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/e929b967-601c-4796-8b42-1f17de54f037.png)\n
      \n
      Source:\n
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
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        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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      +body: """
        You could use a single MOSFET on the high side of the divider and use a cap + diode to boost the voltage and fully turn on the FET:\n
        \n
        ![](https://lemmy.ca/pictrs/image/8b22113e-3ad3-40c1-80ee-e7b3e6be24cb.png)\n
        \n
        My gate driver is fairly crude but you could probably make something a bit better with a PNP transistor and either pull it down or leave it floating, or instead use a szaiklai pair
        """
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    +body: """
      Hm, I don’t understand how this is supposed to work - is that a n-channel or p-channel FET?\n
      \n
      When I sketch it using falstad’s circuitjs, it looks like the FET (n-channel) is a little bit on all the time\n
      \n
      ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/dae3ca56-da12-4a48-a023-d3c08c614efb.png)\n
      \n
      and fully on, when a pulse is applied\n
      \n
      ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/e929b967-601c-4796-8b42-1f17de54f037.png)\n
      \n
      Source:\n
      \n
      spoiler`$ 1 0.000005 10.20027730826997 50 5 43 5e-11 r 144 80 144 176 0 1000 r 0 192 96 192 0 100 t 96 192 144 192 0 1 -8.999999980890745 9.099999980846458e-10 100 default c 144 176 304 176 0 0.000001 -1.7996761414451612e-8 0 f 304 176 384 176 32 2 0.02 d 304 80 304 176 2 default r 384 192 384 272 0 1000 r 384 272 384 352 0 1000 g 384 352 384 384 0 0 g 144 208 144 256 0 0 w 144 80 304 80 0 w 384 160 384 80 0 w 384 80 304 80 0 v 528 256 528 208 0 0 40 9 0 0 0.5 w 528 256 528 352 0 w 528 352 384 352 0 w 528 208 528 80 0 w 528 80 384 80 0 g -48 208 -48 256 0 0 R -48 176 -48 128 0 0 40 5 0 0 0.5 S 0 192 -48 192 0 0 false 0 2 p 384 272 272 272 3 0 0 g 272 272 272 304 0 0`___
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
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        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
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        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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      +body: """
        You could use a single MOSFET on the high side of the divider and use a cap + diode to boost the voltage and fully turn on the FET:\n
        \n
        ![](https://lemmy.ca/pictrs/image/8b22113e-3ad3-40c1-80ee-e7b3e6be24cb.png)\n
        \n
        My gate driver is fairly crude but you could probably make something a bit better with a PNP transistor and either pull it down or leave it floating, or instead use a szaiklai pair
        """
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    +body: """
      Hm, I don’t understand how this is supposed to work - is that a n-channel or p-channel FET?\n
      \n
      When I sketch it using falstad’s circuitjs, it looks like the FET (n-channel) is a little bit on all the time\n
      \n
      ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/dae3ca56-da12-4a48-a023-d3c08c614efb.png)\n
      \n
      and fully on, when a pulse is applied\n
      \n
      ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/e929b967-601c-4796-8b42-1f17de54f037.png)\n
      \n
      Source:\n
      \n
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
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        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
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        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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      +body: """
        You could use a single MOSFET on the high side of the divider and use a cap + diode to boost the voltage and fully turn on the FET:\n
        \n
        ![](https://lemmy.ca/pictrs/image/8b22113e-3ad3-40c1-80ee-e7b3e6be24cb.png)\n
        \n
        My gate driver is fairly crude but you could probably make something a bit better with a PNP transistor and either pull it down or leave it floating, or instead use a szaiklai pair
        """
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    +body: """
      Hm, I don’t understand how this is supposed to work - is that a n-channel or p-channel FET?\n
      \n
      When I sketch it using falstad’s circuitjs, it looks like the FET (n-channel) is a little bit on all the time\n
      \n
      ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/dae3ca56-da12-4a48-a023-d3c08c614efb.png)\n
      \n
      and fully on, when a pulse is applied\n
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entry_comment App\Twig\Components\EntryCommentComponent 12.0 MiB 26.07 ms
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          \n
          Rules\n
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          \n
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          \n
          2: Be on-topic (eg: *Electronic*, not *electrical*).\n
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
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        \n
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        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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        +body: """
          You could use a single MOSFET on the high side of the divider and use a cap + diode to boost the voltage and fully turn on the FET:\n
          \n
          ![](https://lemmy.ca/pictrs/image/8b22113e-3ad3-40c1-80ee-e7b3e6be24cb.png)\n
          \n
          My gate driver is fairly crude but you could probably make something a bit better with a PNP transistor and either pull it down or leave it floating, or instead use a szaiklai pair
          """
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      +body: """
        Hm, I don’t understand how this is supposed to work - is that a n-channel or p-channel FET?\n
        \n
        When I sketch it using falstad’s circuitjs, it looks like the FET (n-channel) is a little bit on all the time\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/dae3ca56-da12-4a48-a023-d3c08c614efb.png)\n
        \n
        and fully on, when a pulse is applied\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/e929b967-601c-4796-8b42-1f17de54f037.png)\n
        \n
        Source:\n
        \n
        spoiler`$ 1 0.000005 10.20027730826997 50 5 43 5e-11 r 144 80 144 176 0 1000 r 0 192 96 192 0 100 t 96 192 144 192 0 1 -8.999999980890745 9.099999980846458e-10 100 default c 144 176 304 176 0 0.000001 -1.7996761414451612e-8 0 f 304 176 384 176 32 2 0.02 d 304 80 304 176 2 default r 384 192 384 272 0 1000 r 384 272 384 352 0 1000 g 384 352 384 384 0 0 g 144 208 144 256 0 0 w 144 80 304 80 0 w 384 160 384 80 0 w 384 80 304 80 0 v 528 256 528 208 0 0 40 9 0 0 0.5 w 528 256 528 352 0 w 528 352 384 352 0 w 528 208 528 80 0 w 528 80 384 80 0 g -48 208 -48 256 0 0 R -48 176 -48 128 0 0 40 5 0 0 0.5 S 0 192 -48 192 0 0 false 0 2 p 384 272 272 272 3 0 0 g 272 272 272 304 0 0`___
        """
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    +body: "It is an N channel FET. The concept is called “bootstrapping” since Vgs needs to be greater than Vth for the MOSFET to be on. When the FET is on the high side and you want the full 9V on the output, you use the diode to charge the capacitor, and the other side of the cap is 0V. Then, when the other side of the cap is connected to 9V, the charge on the cap can’t go anywhere so the voltage on the other side jumps to 18V. This creates a Vgs of 9V. Ideally you would have something better to drive the gate to fully turn off the FET, but I just used a quick and dirty driver where the bootstrap capacitor directly feeds the gate instead of being the input to the driver. Because if this, the Vgs doesn’t drop completely to 0"
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
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        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
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        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
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        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
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        +body: """
          You could use a single MOSFET on the high side of the divider and use a cap + diode to boost the voltage and fully turn on the FET:\n
          \n
          ![](https://lemmy.ca/pictrs/image/8b22113e-3ad3-40c1-80ee-e7b3e6be24cb.png)\n
          \n
          My gate driver is fairly crude but you could probably make something a bit better with a PNP transistor and either pull it down or leave it floating, or instead use a szaiklai pair
          """
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      +body: """
        Hm, I don’t understand how this is supposed to work - is that a n-channel or p-channel FET?\n
        \n
        When I sketch it using falstad’s circuitjs, it looks like the FET (n-channel) is a little bit on all the time\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/dae3ca56-da12-4a48-a023-d3c08c614efb.png)\n
        \n
        and fully on, when a pulse is applied\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/e929b967-601c-4796-8b42-1f17de54f037.png)\n
        \n
        Source:\n
        \n
        spoiler`$ 1 0.000005 10.20027730826997 50 5 43 5e-11 r 144 80 144 176 0 1000 r 0 192 96 192 0 100 t 96 192 144 192 0 1 -8.999999980890745 9.099999980846458e-10 100 default c 144 176 304 176 0 0.000001 -1.7996761414451612e-8 0 f 304 176 384 176 32 2 0.02 d 304 80 304 176 2 default r 384 192 384 272 0 1000 r 384 272 384 352 0 1000 g 384 352 384 384 0 0 g 144 208 144 256 0 0 w 144 80 304 80 0 w 384 160 384 80 0 w 384 80 304 80 0 v 528 256 528 208 0 0 40 9 0 0 0.5 w 528 256 528 352 0 w 528 352 384 352 0 w 528 208 528 80 0 w 528 80 384 80 0 g -48 208 -48 256 0 0 R -48 176 -48 128 0 0 40 5 0 0 0.5 S 0 192 -48 192 0 0 false 0 2 p 384 272 272 272 3 0 0 g 272 272 272 304 0 0`___
        """
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    +body: "It is an N channel FET. The concept is called “bootstrapping” since Vgs needs to be greater than Vth for the MOSFET to be on. When the FET is on the high side and you want the full 9V on the output, you use the diode to charge the capacitor, and the other side of the cap is 0V. Then, when the other side of the cap is connected to 9V, the charge on the cap can’t go anywhere so the voltage on the other side jumps to 18V. This creates a Vgs of 9V. Ideally you would have something better to drive the gate to fully turn off the FET, but I just used a quick and dirty driver where the bootstrap capacitor directly feeds the gate instead of being the input to the driver. Because if this, the Vgs doesn’t drop completely to 0"
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          **For questions about component-level electronic circuits, tools and equipment.**\n
          \n
          Rules\n
          -----\n
          \n
          1: Be nice.\n
          \n
          2: Be on-topic (eg: *Electronic*, not *electrical*).\n
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      +slug: "How-to-improve-my-battery-measurement-circuit"
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      +body: """
        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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      }
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        +body: """
          You could use a single MOSFET on the high side of the divider and use a cap + diode to boost the voltage and fully turn on the FET:\n
          \n
          ![](https://lemmy.ca/pictrs/image/8b22113e-3ad3-40c1-80ee-e7b3e6be24cb.png)\n
          \n
          My gate driver is fairly crude but you could probably make something a bit better with a PNP transistor and either pull it down or leave it floating, or instead use a szaiklai pair
          """
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        Hm, I don’t understand how this is supposed to work - is that a n-channel or p-channel FET?\n
        \n
        When I sketch it using falstad’s circuitjs, it looks like the FET (n-channel) is a little bit on all the time\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/dae3ca56-da12-4a48-a023-d3c08c614efb.png)\n
        \n
        and fully on, when a pulse is applied\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/e929b967-601c-4796-8b42-1f17de54f037.png)\n
        \n
        Source:\n
        \n
        spoiler`$ 1 0.000005 10.20027730826997 50 5 43 5e-11 r 144 80 144 176 0 1000 r 0 192 96 192 0 100 t 96 192 144 192 0 1 -8.999999980890745 9.099999980846458e-10 100 default c 144 176 304 176 0 0.000001 -1.7996761414451612e-8 0 f 304 176 384 176 32 2 0.02 d 304 80 304 176 2 default r 384 192 384 272 0 1000 r 384 272 384 352 0 1000 g 384 352 384 384 0 0 g 144 208 144 256 0 0 w 144 80 304 80 0 w 384 160 384 80 0 w 384 80 304 80 0 v 528 256 528 208 0 0 40 9 0 0 0.5 w 528 256 528 352 0 w 528 352 384 352 0 w 528 208 528 80 0 w 528 80 384 80 0 g -48 208 -48 256 0 0 R -48 176 -48 128 0 0 40 5 0 0 0.5 S 0 192 -48 192 0 0 false 0 2 p 384 272 272 272 3 0 0 g 272 272 272 304 0 0`___
        """
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    +body: "It is an N channel FET. The concept is called “bootstrapping” since Vgs needs to be greater than Vth for the MOSFET to be on. When the FET is on the high side and you want the full 9V on the output, you use the diode to charge the capacitor, and the other side of the cap is 0V. Then, when the other side of the cap is connected to 9V, the charge on the cap can’t go anywhere so the voltage on the other side jumps to 18V. This creates a Vgs of 9V. Ideally you would have something better to drive the gate to fully turn off the FET, but I just used a quick and dirty driver where the bootstrap capacitor directly feeds the gate instead of being the input to the driver. Because if this, the Vgs doesn’t drop completely to 0"
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
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        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
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        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
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        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
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        +body: """
          You could use a single MOSFET on the high side of the divider and use a cap + diode to boost the voltage and fully turn on the FET:\n
          \n
          ![](https://lemmy.ca/pictrs/image/8b22113e-3ad3-40c1-80ee-e7b3e6be24cb.png)\n
          \n
          My gate driver is fairly crude but you could probably make something a bit better with a PNP transistor and either pull it down or leave it floating, or instead use a szaiklai pair
          """
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      +body: """
        Hm, I don’t understand how this is supposed to work - is that a n-channel or p-channel FET?\n
        \n
        When I sketch it using falstad’s circuitjs, it looks like the FET (n-channel) is a little bit on all the time\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/dae3ca56-da12-4a48-a023-d3c08c614efb.png)\n
        \n
        and fully on, when a pulse is applied\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/e929b967-601c-4796-8b42-1f17de54f037.png)\n
        \n
        Source:\n
        \n
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        """
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    +body: "It is an N channel FET. The concept is called “bootstrapping” since Vgs needs to be greater than Vth for the MOSFET to be on. When the FET is on the high side and you want the full 9V on the output, you use the diode to charge the capacitor, and the other side of the cap is 0V. Then, when the other side of the cap is connected to 9V, the charge on the cap can’t go anywhere so the voltage on the other side jumps to 18V. This creates a Vgs of 9V. Ideally you would have something better to drive the gate to fully turn off the FET, but I just used a quick and dirty driver where the bootstrap capacitor directly feeds the gate instead of being the input to the driver. Because if this, the Vgs doesn’t drop completely to 0"
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
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        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
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        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
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        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
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          You could use a single MOSFET on the high side of the divider and use a cap + diode to boost the voltage and fully turn on the FET:\n
          \n
          ![](https://lemmy.ca/pictrs/image/8b22113e-3ad3-40c1-80ee-e7b3e6be24cb.png)\n
          \n
          My gate driver is fairly crude but you could probably make something a bit better with a PNP transistor and either pull it down or leave it floating, or instead use a szaiklai pair
          """
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        Hm, I don’t understand how this is supposed to work - is that a n-channel or p-channel FET?\n
        \n
        When I sketch it using falstad’s circuitjs, it looks like the FET (n-channel) is a little bit on all the time\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/dae3ca56-da12-4a48-a023-d3c08c614efb.png)\n
        \n
        and fully on, when a pulse is applied\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/e929b967-601c-4796-8b42-1f17de54f037.png)\n
        \n
        Source:\n
        \n
        spoiler`$ 1 0.000005 10.20027730826997 50 5 43 5e-11 r 144 80 144 176 0 1000 r 0 192 96 192 0 100 t 96 192 144 192 0 1 -8.999999980890745 9.099999980846458e-10 100 default c 144 176 304 176 0 0.000001 -1.7996761414451612e-8 0 f 304 176 384 176 32 2 0.02 d 304 80 304 176 2 default r 384 192 384 272 0 1000 r 384 272 384 352 0 1000 g 384 352 384 384 0 0 g 144 208 144 256 0 0 w 144 80 304 80 0 w 384 160 384 80 0 w 384 80 304 80 0 v 528 256 528 208 0 0 40 9 0 0 0.5 w 528 256 528 352 0 w 528 352 384 352 0 w 528 208 528 80 0 w 528 80 384 80 0 g -48 208 -48 256 0 0 R -48 176 -48 128 0 0 40 5 0 0 0.5 S 0 192 -48 192 0 0 false 0 2 p 384 272 272 272 3 0 0 g 272 272 272 304 0 0`___
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    +body: "It is an N channel FET. The concept is called “bootstrapping” since Vgs needs to be greater than Vth for the MOSFET to be on. When the FET is on the high side and you want the full 9V on the output, you use the diode to charge the capacitor, and the other side of the cap is 0V. Then, when the other side of the cap is connected to 9V, the charge on the cap can’t go anywhere so the voltage on the other side jumps to 18V. This creates a Vgs of 9V. Ideally you would have something better to drive the gate to fully turn off the FET, but I just used a quick and dirty driver where the bootstrap capacitor directly feeds the gate instead of being the input to the driver. Because if this, the Vgs doesn’t drop completely to 0"
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      +slug: "How-to-improve-my-battery-measurement-circuit"
      +title: "How to improve my battery measurement circuit?"
      +url: null
      +body: """
        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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        +body: """
          You could use a single MOSFET on the high side of the divider and use a cap + diode to boost the voltage and fully turn on the FET:\n
          \n
          ![](https://lemmy.ca/pictrs/image/8b22113e-3ad3-40c1-80ee-e7b3e6be24cb.png)\n
          \n
          My gate driver is fairly crude but you could probably make something a bit better with a PNP transistor and either pull it down or leave it floating, or instead use a szaiklai pair
          """
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      +body: """
        Hm, I don’t understand how this is supposed to work - is that a n-channel or p-channel FET?\n
        \n
        When I sketch it using falstad’s circuitjs, it looks like the FET (n-channel) is a little bit on all the time\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/dae3ca56-da12-4a48-a023-d3c08c614efb.png)\n
        \n
        and fully on, when a pulse is applied\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/e929b967-601c-4796-8b42-1f17de54f037.png)\n
        \n
        Source:\n
        \n
        spoiler`$ 1 0.000005 10.20027730826997 50 5 43 5e-11 r 144 80 144 176 0 1000 r 0 192 96 192 0 100 t 96 192 144 192 0 1 -8.999999980890745 9.099999980846458e-10 100 default c 144 176 304 176 0 0.000001 -1.7996761414451612e-8 0 f 304 176 384 176 32 2 0.02 d 304 80 304 176 2 default r 384 192 384 272 0 1000 r 384 272 384 352 0 1000 g 384 352 384 384 0 0 g 144 208 144 256 0 0 w 144 80 304 80 0 w 384 160 384 80 0 w 384 80 304 80 0 v 528 256 528 208 0 0 40 9 0 0 0.5 w 528 256 528 352 0 w 528 352 384 352 0 w 528 208 528 80 0 w 528 80 384 80 0 g -48 208 -48 256 0 0 R -48 176 -48 128 0 0 40 5 0 0 0.5 S 0 192 -48 192 0 0 false 0 2 p 384 272 272 272 3 0 0 g 272 272 272 304 0 0`___
        """
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    +body: "It is an N channel FET. The concept is called “bootstrapping” since Vgs needs to be greater than Vth for the MOSFET to be on. When the FET is on the high side and you want the full 9V on the output, you use the diode to charge the capacitor, and the other side of the cap is 0V. Then, when the other side of the cap is connected to 9V, the charge on the cap can’t go anywhere so the voltage on the other side jumps to 18V. This creates a Vgs of 9V. Ideally you would have something better to drive the gate to fully turn off the FET, but I just used a quick and dirty driver where the bootstrap capacitor directly feeds the gate instead of being the input to the driver. Because if this, the Vgs doesn’t drop completely to 0"
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      +slug: "How-to-improve-my-battery-measurement-circuit"
      +title: "How to improve my battery measurement circuit?"
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      +body: """
        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
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        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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        +body: """
          You could use a single MOSFET on the high side of the divider and use a cap + diode to boost the voltage and fully turn on the FET:\n
          \n
          ![](https://lemmy.ca/pictrs/image/8b22113e-3ad3-40c1-80ee-e7b3e6be24cb.png)\n
          \n
          My gate driver is fairly crude but you could probably make something a bit better with a PNP transistor and either pull it down or leave it floating, or instead use a szaiklai pair
          """
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      +body: """
        Hm, I don’t understand how this is supposed to work - is that a n-channel or p-channel FET?\n
        \n
        When I sketch it using falstad’s circuitjs, it looks like the FET (n-channel) is a little bit on all the time\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/dae3ca56-da12-4a48-a023-d3c08c614efb.png)\n
        \n
        and fully on, when a pulse is applied\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/e929b967-601c-4796-8b42-1f17de54f037.png)\n
        \n
        Source:\n
        \n
        spoiler`$ 1 0.000005 10.20027730826997 50 5 43 5e-11 r 144 80 144 176 0 1000 r 0 192 96 192 0 100 t 96 192 144 192 0 1 -8.999999980890745 9.099999980846458e-10 100 default c 144 176 304 176 0 0.000001 -1.7996761414451612e-8 0 f 304 176 384 176 32 2 0.02 d 304 80 304 176 2 default r 384 192 384 272 0 1000 r 384 272 384 352 0 1000 g 384 352 384 384 0 0 g 144 208 144 256 0 0 w 144 80 304 80 0 w 384 160 384 80 0 w 384 80 304 80 0 v 528 256 528 208 0 0 40 9 0 0 0.5 w 528 256 528 352 0 w 528 352 384 352 0 w 528 208 528 80 0 w 528 80 384 80 0 g -48 208 -48 256 0 0 R -48 176 -48 128 0 0 40 5 0 0 0.5 S 0 192 -48 192 0 0 false 0 2 p 384 272 272 272 3 0 0 g 272 272 272 304 0 0`___
        """
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    +body: "It is an N channel FET. The concept is called “bootstrapping” since Vgs needs to be greater than Vth for the MOSFET to be on. When the FET is on the high side and you want the full 9V on the output, you use the diode to charge the capacitor, and the other side of the cap is 0V. Then, when the other side of the cap is connected to 9V, the charge on the cap can’t go anywhere so the voltage on the other side jumps to 18V. This creates a Vgs of 9V. Ideally you would have something better to drive the gate to fully turn off the FET, but I just used a quick and dirty driver where the bootstrap capacitor directly feeds the gate instead of being the input to the driver. Because if this, the Vgs doesn’t drop completely to 0"
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      +slug: "How-to-improve-my-battery-measurement-circuit"
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      +body: """
        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
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        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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        +body: """
          You could use a single MOSFET on the high side of the divider and use a cap + diode to boost the voltage and fully turn on the FET:\n
          \n
          ![](https://lemmy.ca/pictrs/image/8b22113e-3ad3-40c1-80ee-e7b3e6be24cb.png)\n
          \n
          My gate driver is fairly crude but you could probably make something a bit better with a PNP transistor and either pull it down or leave it floating, or instead use a szaiklai pair
          """
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      +body: """
        Hm, I don’t understand how this is supposed to work - is that a n-channel or p-channel FET?\n
        \n
        When I sketch it using falstad’s circuitjs, it looks like the FET (n-channel) is a little bit on all the time\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/dae3ca56-da12-4a48-a023-d3c08c614efb.png)\n
        \n
        and fully on, when a pulse is applied\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/e929b967-601c-4796-8b42-1f17de54f037.png)\n
        \n
        Source:\n
        \n
        spoiler`$ 1 0.000005 10.20027730826997 50 5 43 5e-11 r 144 80 144 176 0 1000 r 0 192 96 192 0 100 t 96 192 144 192 0 1 -8.999999980890745 9.099999980846458e-10 100 default c 144 176 304 176 0 0.000001 -1.7996761414451612e-8 0 f 304 176 384 176 32 2 0.02 d 304 80 304 176 2 default r 384 192 384 272 0 1000 r 384 272 384 352 0 1000 g 384 352 384 384 0 0 g 144 208 144 256 0 0 w 144 80 304 80 0 w 384 160 384 80 0 w 384 80 304 80 0 v 528 256 528 208 0 0 40 9 0 0 0.5 w 528 256 528 352 0 w 528 352 384 352 0 w 528 208 528 80 0 w 528 80 384 80 0 g -48 208 -48 256 0 0 R -48 176 -48 128 0 0 40 5 0 0 0.5 S 0 192 -48 192 0 0 false 0 2 p 384 272 272 272 3 0 0 g 272 272 272 304 0 0`___
        """
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    +body: "It is an N channel FET. The concept is called “bootstrapping” since Vgs needs to be greater than Vth for the MOSFET to be on. When the FET is on the high side and you want the full 9V on the output, you use the diode to charge the capacitor, and the other side of the cap is 0V. Then, when the other side of the cap is connected to 9V, the charge on the cap can’t go anywhere so the voltage on the other side jumps to 18V. This creates a Vgs of 9V. Ideally you would have something better to drive the gate to fully turn off the FET, but I just used a quick and dirty driver where the bootstrap capacitor directly feeds the gate instead of being the input to the driver. Because if this, the Vgs doesn’t drop completely to 0"
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      +slug: "How-to-improve-my-battery-measurement-circuit"
      +title: "How to improve my battery measurement circuit?"
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      +body: """
        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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          +body: """
            You could use a single MOSFET on the high side of the divider and use a cap + diode to boost the voltage and fully turn on the FET:\n
            \n
            ![](https://lemmy.ca/pictrs/image/8b22113e-3ad3-40c1-80ee-e7b3e6be24cb.png)\n
            \n
            My gate driver is fairly crude but you could probably make something a bit better with a PNP transistor and either pull it down or leave it floating, or instead use a szaiklai pair
            """
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        +body: """
          Hm, I don’t understand how this is supposed to work - is that a n-channel or p-channel FET?\n
          \n
          When I sketch it using falstad’s circuitjs, it looks like the FET (n-channel) is a little bit on all the time\n
          \n
          ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/dae3ca56-da12-4a48-a023-d3c08c614efb.png)\n
          \n
          and fully on, when a pulse is applied\n
          \n
          ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/e929b967-601c-4796-8b42-1f17de54f037.png)\n
          \n
          Source:\n
          \n
          spoiler`$ 1 0.000005 10.20027730826997 50 5 43 5e-11 r 144 80 144 176 0 1000 r 0 192 96 192 0 100 t 96 192 144 192 0 1 -8.999999980890745 9.099999980846458e-10 100 default c 144 176 304 176 0 0.000001 -1.7996761414451612e-8 0 f 304 176 384 176 32 2 0.02 d 304 80 304 176 2 default r 384 192 384 272 0 1000 r 384 272 384 352 0 1000 g 384 352 384 384 0 0 g 144 208 144 256 0 0 w 144 80 304 80 0 w 384 160 384 80 0 w 384 80 304 80 0 v 528 256 528 208 0 0 40 9 0 0 0.5 w 528 256 528 352 0 w 528 352 384 352 0 w 528 208 528 80 0 w 528 80 384 80 0 g -48 208 -48 256 0 0 R -48 176 -48 128 0 0 40 5 0 0 0.5 S 0 192 -48 192 0 0 false 0 2 p 384 272 272 272 3 0 0 g 272 272 272 304 0 0`___
          """
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      +body: "It is an N channel FET. The concept is called “bootstrapping” since Vgs needs to be greater than Vth for the MOSFET to be on. When the FET is on the high side and you want the full 9V on the output, you use the diode to charge the capacitor, and the other side of the cap is 0V. Then, when the other side of the cap is connected to 9V, the charge on the cap can’t go anywhere so the voltage on the other side jumps to 18V. This creates a Vgs of 9V. Ideally you would have something better to drive the gate to fully turn off the FET, but I just used a quick and dirty driver where the bootstrap capacitor directly feeds the gate instead of being the input to the driver. Because if this, the Vgs doesn’t drop completely to 0"
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      Nice, than you for sharing!\n
      \n
      I won’t be using this for my measurement issue (the other options are much simpler, and i was aiming for less parts, not more), but I’ll do some experiments to familiarize myself with bootstrapping
      """
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      +slug: "How-to-improve-my-battery-measurement-circuit"
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      +body: """
        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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          +body: """
            You could use a single MOSFET on the high side of the divider and use a cap + diode to boost the voltage and fully turn on the FET:\n
            \n
            ![](https://lemmy.ca/pictrs/image/8b22113e-3ad3-40c1-80ee-e7b3e6be24cb.png)\n
            \n
            My gate driver is fairly crude but you could probably make something a bit better with a PNP transistor and either pull it down or leave it floating, or instead use a szaiklai pair
            """
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        +body: """
          Hm, I don’t understand how this is supposed to work - is that a n-channel or p-channel FET?\n
          \n
          When I sketch it using falstad’s circuitjs, it looks like the FET (n-channel) is a little bit on all the time\n
          \n
          ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/dae3ca56-da12-4a48-a023-d3c08c614efb.png)\n
          \n
          and fully on, when a pulse is applied\n
          \n
          ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/e929b967-601c-4796-8b42-1f17de54f037.png)\n
          \n
          Source:\n
          \n
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      +root: App\Entity\EntryComment {#4202}
      +body: "It is an N channel FET. The concept is called “bootstrapping” since Vgs needs to be greater than Vth for the MOSFET to be on. When the FET is on the high side and you want the full 9V on the output, you use the diode to charge the capacitor, and the other side of the cap is 0V. Then, when the other side of the cap is connected to 9V, the charge on the cap can’t go anywhere so the voltage on the other side jumps to 18V. This creates a Vgs of 9V. Ideally you would have something better to drive the gate to fully turn off the FET, but I just used a quick and dirty driver where the bootstrap capacitor directly feeds the gate instead of being the input to the driver. Because if this, the Vgs doesn’t drop completely to 0"
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    +root: App\Entity\EntryComment {#4202}
    +body: """
      Nice, than you for sharing!\n
      \n
      I won’t be using this for my measurement issue (the other options are much simpler, and i was aiming for less parts, not more), but I’ll do some experiments to familiarize myself with bootstrapping
      """
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App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent {#10435
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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          +body: """
            You could use a single MOSFET on the high side of the divider and use a cap + diode to boost the voltage and fully turn on the FET:\n
            \n
            ![](https://lemmy.ca/pictrs/image/8b22113e-3ad3-40c1-80ee-e7b3e6be24cb.png)\n
            \n
            My gate driver is fairly crude but you could probably make something a bit better with a PNP transistor and either pull it down or leave it floating, or instead use a szaiklai pair
            """
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        +body: """
          Hm, I don’t understand how this is supposed to work - is that a n-channel or p-channel FET?\n
          \n
          When I sketch it using falstad’s circuitjs, it looks like the FET (n-channel) is a little bit on all the time\n
          \n
          ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/dae3ca56-da12-4a48-a023-d3c08c614efb.png)\n
          \n
          and fully on, when a pulse is applied\n
          \n
          ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/e929b967-601c-4796-8b42-1f17de54f037.png)\n
          \n
          Source:\n
          \n
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      +body: "It is an N channel FET. The concept is called “bootstrapping” since Vgs needs to be greater than Vth for the MOSFET to be on. When the FET is on the high side and you want the full 9V on the output, you use the diode to charge the capacitor, and the other side of the cap is 0V. Then, when the other side of the cap is connected to 9V, the charge on the cap can’t go anywhere so the voltage on the other side jumps to 18V. This creates a Vgs of 9V. Ideally you would have something better to drive the gate to fully turn off the FET, but I just used a quick and dirty driver where the bootstrap capacitor directly feeds the gate instead of being the input to the driver. Because if this, the Vgs doesn’t drop completely to 0"
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    +body: """
      Nice, than you for sharing!\n
      \n
      I won’t be using this for my measurement issue (the other options are much simpler, and i was aiming for less parts, not more), but I’ll do some experiments to familiarize myself with bootstrapping
      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
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        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
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        \n
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        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
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        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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          +body: """
            You could use a single MOSFET on the high side of the divider and use a cap + diode to boost the voltage and fully turn on the FET:\n
            \n
            ![](https://lemmy.ca/pictrs/image/8b22113e-3ad3-40c1-80ee-e7b3e6be24cb.png)\n
            \n
            My gate driver is fairly crude but you could probably make something a bit better with a PNP transistor and either pull it down or leave it floating, or instead use a szaiklai pair
            """
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        +body: """
          Hm, I don’t understand how this is supposed to work - is that a n-channel or p-channel FET?\n
          \n
          When I sketch it using falstad’s circuitjs, it looks like the FET (n-channel) is a little bit on all the time\n
          \n
          ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/dae3ca56-da12-4a48-a023-d3c08c614efb.png)\n
          \n
          and fully on, when a pulse is applied\n
          \n
          ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/e929b967-601c-4796-8b42-1f17de54f037.png)\n
          \n
          Source:\n
          \n
          spoiler`$ 1 0.000005 10.20027730826997 50 5 43 5e-11 r 144 80 144 176 0 1000 r 0 192 96 192 0 100 t 96 192 144 192 0 1 -8.999999980890745 9.099999980846458e-10 100 default c 144 176 304 176 0 0.000001 -1.7996761414451612e-8 0 f 304 176 384 176 32 2 0.02 d 304 80 304 176 2 default r 384 192 384 272 0 1000 r 384 272 384 352 0 1000 g 384 352 384 384 0 0 g 144 208 144 256 0 0 w 144 80 304 80 0 w 384 160 384 80 0 w 384 80 304 80 0 v 528 256 528 208 0 0 40 9 0 0 0.5 w 528 256 528 352 0 w 528 352 384 352 0 w 528 208 528 80 0 w 528 80 384 80 0 g -48 208 -48 256 0 0 R -48 176 -48 128 0 0 40 5 0 0 0.5 S 0 192 -48 192 0 0 false 0 2 p 384 272 272 272 3 0 0 g 272 272 272 304 0 0`___
          """
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      +body: "It is an N channel FET. The concept is called “bootstrapping” since Vgs needs to be greater than Vth for the MOSFET to be on. When the FET is on the high side and you want the full 9V on the output, you use the diode to charge the capacitor, and the other side of the cap is 0V. Then, when the other side of the cap is connected to 9V, the charge on the cap can’t go anywhere so the voltage on the other side jumps to 18V. This creates a Vgs of 9V. Ideally you would have something better to drive the gate to fully turn off the FET, but I just used a quick and dirty driver where the bootstrap capacitor directly feeds the gate instead of being the input to the driver. Because if this, the Vgs doesn’t drop completely to 0"
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    +body: """
      Nice, than you for sharing!\n
      \n
      I won’t be using this for my measurement issue (the other options are much simpler, and i was aiming for less parts, not more), but I’ll do some experiments to familiarize myself with bootstrapping
      """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
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        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
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        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
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        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
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        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
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        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
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        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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          +body: """
            You could use a single MOSFET on the high side of the divider and use a cap + diode to boost the voltage and fully turn on the FET:\n
            \n
            ![](https://lemmy.ca/pictrs/image/8b22113e-3ad3-40c1-80ee-e7b3e6be24cb.png)\n
            \n
            My gate driver is fairly crude but you could probably make something a bit better with a PNP transistor and either pull it down or leave it floating, or instead use a szaiklai pair
            """
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          Hm, I don’t understand how this is supposed to work - is that a n-channel or p-channel FET?\n
          \n
          When I sketch it using falstad’s circuitjs, it looks like the FET (n-channel) is a little bit on all the time\n
          \n
          ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/dae3ca56-da12-4a48-a023-d3c08c614efb.png)\n
          \n
          and fully on, when a pulse is applied\n
          \n
          ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/e929b967-601c-4796-8b42-1f17de54f037.png)\n
          \n
          Source:\n
          \n
          spoiler`$ 1 0.000005 10.20027730826997 50 5 43 5e-11 r 144 80 144 176 0 1000 r 0 192 96 192 0 100 t 96 192 144 192 0 1 -8.999999980890745 9.099999980846458e-10 100 default c 144 176 304 176 0 0.000001 -1.7996761414451612e-8 0 f 304 176 384 176 32 2 0.02 d 304 80 304 176 2 default r 384 192 384 272 0 1000 r 384 272 384 352 0 1000 g 384 352 384 384 0 0 g 144 208 144 256 0 0 w 144 80 304 80 0 w 384 160 384 80 0 w 384 80 304 80 0 v 528 256 528 208 0 0 40 9 0 0 0.5 w 528 256 528 352 0 w 528 352 384 352 0 w 528 208 528 80 0 w 528 80 384 80 0 g -48 208 -48 256 0 0 R -48 176 -48 128 0 0 40 5 0 0 0.5 S 0 192 -48 192 0 0 false 0 2 p 384 272 272 272 3 0 0 g 272 272 272 304 0 0`___
          """
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      +body: "It is an N channel FET. The concept is called “bootstrapping” since Vgs needs to be greater than Vth for the MOSFET to be on. When the FET is on the high side and you want the full 9V on the output, you use the diode to charge the capacitor, and the other side of the cap is 0V. Then, when the other side of the cap is connected to 9V, the charge on the cap can’t go anywhere so the voltage on the other side jumps to 18V. This creates a Vgs of 9V. Ideally you would have something better to drive the gate to fully turn off the FET, but I just used a quick and dirty driver where the bootstrap capacitor directly feeds the gate instead of being the input to the driver. Because if this, the Vgs doesn’t drop completely to 0"
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    +body: """
      Nice, than you for sharing!\n
      \n
      I won’t be using this for my measurement issue (the other options are much simpler, and i was aiming for less parts, not more), but I’ll do some experiments to familiarize myself with bootstrapping
      """
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      +slug: "How-to-improve-my-battery-measurement-circuit"
      +title: "How to improve my battery measurement circuit?"
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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          +body: """
            You could use a single MOSFET on the high side of the divider and use a cap + diode to boost the voltage and fully turn on the FET:\n
            \n
            ![](https://lemmy.ca/pictrs/image/8b22113e-3ad3-40c1-80ee-e7b3e6be24cb.png)\n
            \n
            My gate driver is fairly crude but you could probably make something a bit better with a PNP transistor and either pull it down or leave it floating, or instead use a szaiklai pair
            """
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        +body: """
          Hm, I don’t understand how this is supposed to work - is that a n-channel or p-channel FET?\n
          \n
          When I sketch it using falstad’s circuitjs, it looks like the FET (n-channel) is a little bit on all the time\n
          \n
          ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/dae3ca56-da12-4a48-a023-d3c08c614efb.png)\n
          \n
          and fully on, when a pulse is applied\n
          \n
          ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/e929b967-601c-4796-8b42-1f17de54f037.png)\n
          \n
          Source:\n
          \n
          spoiler`$ 1 0.000005 10.20027730826997 50 5 43 5e-11 r 144 80 144 176 0 1000 r 0 192 96 192 0 100 t 96 192 144 192 0 1 -8.999999980890745 9.099999980846458e-10 100 default c 144 176 304 176 0 0.000001 -1.7996761414451612e-8 0 f 304 176 384 176 32 2 0.02 d 304 80 304 176 2 default r 384 192 384 272 0 1000 r 384 272 384 352 0 1000 g 384 352 384 384 0 0 g 144 208 144 256 0 0 w 144 80 304 80 0 w 384 160 384 80 0 w 384 80 304 80 0 v 528 256 528 208 0 0 40 9 0 0 0.5 w 528 256 528 352 0 w 528 352 384 352 0 w 528 208 528 80 0 w 528 80 384 80 0 g -48 208 -48 256 0 0 R -48 176 -48 128 0 0 40 5 0 0 0.5 S 0 192 -48 192 0 0 false 0 2 p 384 272 272 272 3 0 0 g 272 272 272 304 0 0`___
          """
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      +body: "It is an N channel FET. The concept is called “bootstrapping” since Vgs needs to be greater than Vth for the MOSFET to be on. When the FET is on the high side and you want the full 9V on the output, you use the diode to charge the capacitor, and the other side of the cap is 0V. Then, when the other side of the cap is connected to 9V, the charge on the cap can’t go anywhere so the voltage on the other side jumps to 18V. This creates a Vgs of 9V. Ideally you would have something better to drive the gate to fully turn off the FET, but I just used a quick and dirty driver where the bootstrap capacitor directly feeds the gate instead of being the input to the driver. Because if this, the Vgs doesn’t drop completely to 0"
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    +body: """
      Nice, than you for sharing!\n
      \n
      I won’t be using this for my measurement issue (the other options are much simpler, and i was aiming for less parts, not more), but I’ll do some experiments to familiarize myself with bootstrapping
      """
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      +slug: "How-to-improve-my-battery-measurement-circuit"
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      +body: """
        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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          +body: """
            You could use a single MOSFET on the high side of the divider and use a cap + diode to boost the voltage and fully turn on the FET:\n
            \n
            ![](https://lemmy.ca/pictrs/image/8b22113e-3ad3-40c1-80ee-e7b3e6be24cb.png)\n
            \n
            My gate driver is fairly crude but you could probably make something a bit better with a PNP transistor and either pull it down or leave it floating, or instead use a szaiklai pair
            """
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        +body: """
          Hm, I don’t understand how this is supposed to work - is that a n-channel or p-channel FET?\n
          \n
          When I sketch it using falstad’s circuitjs, it looks like the FET (n-channel) is a little bit on all the time\n
          \n
          ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/dae3ca56-da12-4a48-a023-d3c08c614efb.png)\n
          \n
          and fully on, when a pulse is applied\n
          \n
          ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/e929b967-601c-4796-8b42-1f17de54f037.png)\n
          \n
          Source:\n
          \n
          spoiler`$ 1 0.000005 10.20027730826997 50 5 43 5e-11 r 144 80 144 176 0 1000 r 0 192 96 192 0 100 t 96 192 144 192 0 1 -8.999999980890745 9.099999980846458e-10 100 default c 144 176 304 176 0 0.000001 -1.7996761414451612e-8 0 f 304 176 384 176 32 2 0.02 d 304 80 304 176 2 default r 384 192 384 272 0 1000 r 384 272 384 352 0 1000 g 384 352 384 384 0 0 g 144 208 144 256 0 0 w 144 80 304 80 0 w 384 160 384 80 0 w 384 80 304 80 0 v 528 256 528 208 0 0 40 9 0 0 0.5 w 528 256 528 352 0 w 528 352 384 352 0 w 528 208 528 80 0 w 528 80 384 80 0 g -48 208 -48 256 0 0 R -48 176 -48 128 0 0 40 5 0 0 0.5 S 0 192 -48 192 0 0 false 0 2 p 384 272 272 272 3 0 0 g 272 272 272 304 0 0`___
          """
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      +body: "It is an N channel FET. The concept is called “bootstrapping” since Vgs needs to be greater than Vth for the MOSFET to be on. When the FET is on the high side and you want the full 9V on the output, you use the diode to charge the capacitor, and the other side of the cap is 0V. Then, when the other side of the cap is connected to 9V, the charge on the cap can’t go anywhere so the voltage on the other side jumps to 18V. This creates a Vgs of 9V. Ideally you would have something better to drive the gate to fully turn off the FET, but I just used a quick and dirty driver where the bootstrap capacitor directly feeds the gate instead of being the input to the driver. Because if this, the Vgs doesn’t drop completely to 0"
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    +body: """
      Nice, than you for sharing!\n
      \n
      I won’t be using this for my measurement issue (the other options are much simpler, and i was aiming for less parts, not more), but I’ll do some experiments to familiarize myself with bootstrapping
      """
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      +slug: "How-to-improve-my-battery-measurement-circuit"
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      +body: """
        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
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        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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            You could use a single MOSFET on the high side of the divider and use a cap + diode to boost the voltage and fully turn on the FET:\n
            \n
            ![](https://lemmy.ca/pictrs/image/8b22113e-3ad3-40c1-80ee-e7b3e6be24cb.png)\n
            \n
            My gate driver is fairly crude but you could probably make something a bit better with a PNP transistor and either pull it down or leave it floating, or instead use a szaiklai pair
            """
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          Hm, I don’t understand how this is supposed to work - is that a n-channel or p-channel FET?\n
          \n
          When I sketch it using falstad’s circuitjs, it looks like the FET (n-channel) is a little bit on all the time\n
          \n
          ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/dae3ca56-da12-4a48-a023-d3c08c614efb.png)\n
          \n
          and fully on, when a pulse is applied\n
          \n
          ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/e929b967-601c-4796-8b42-1f17de54f037.png)\n
          \n
          Source:\n
          \n
          spoiler`$ 1 0.000005 10.20027730826997 50 5 43 5e-11 r 144 80 144 176 0 1000 r 0 192 96 192 0 100 t 96 192 144 192 0 1 -8.999999980890745 9.099999980846458e-10 100 default c 144 176 304 176 0 0.000001 -1.7996761414451612e-8 0 f 304 176 384 176 32 2 0.02 d 304 80 304 176 2 default r 384 192 384 272 0 1000 r 384 272 384 352 0 1000 g 384 352 384 384 0 0 g 144 208 144 256 0 0 w 144 80 304 80 0 w 384 160 384 80 0 w 384 80 304 80 0 v 528 256 528 208 0 0 40 9 0 0 0.5 w 528 256 528 352 0 w 528 352 384 352 0 w 528 208 528 80 0 w 528 80 384 80 0 g -48 208 -48 256 0 0 R -48 176 -48 128 0 0 40 5 0 0 0.5 S 0 192 -48 192 0 0 false 0 2 p 384 272 272 272 3 0 0 g 272 272 272 304 0 0`___
          """
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      +root: App\Entity\EntryComment {#4202}
      +body: "It is an N channel FET. The concept is called “bootstrapping” since Vgs needs to be greater than Vth for the MOSFET to be on. When the FET is on the high side and you want the full 9V on the output, you use the diode to charge the capacitor, and the other side of the cap is 0V. Then, when the other side of the cap is connected to 9V, the charge on the cap can’t go anywhere so the voltage on the other side jumps to 18V. This creates a Vgs of 9V. Ideally you would have something better to drive the gate to fully turn off the FET, but I just used a quick and dirty driver where the bootstrap capacitor directly feeds the gate instead of being the input to the driver. Because if this, the Vgs doesn’t drop completely to 0"
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    +body: """
      Nice, than you for sharing!\n
      \n
      I won’t be using this for my measurement issue (the other options are much simpler, and i was aiming for less parts, not more), but I’ll do some experiments to familiarize myself with bootstrapping
      """
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entry_comment App\Twig\Components\EntryCommentComponent 12.0 MiB 30.95 ms
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
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        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
    +isVerified: false
    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4289 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4291 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4293 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4295 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4297 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4299 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4301 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4303 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4305 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4307 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4309 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4311 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4313 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4315 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4317 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4319 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4321 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4323 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4325 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4327 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4329 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4331 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4333 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4335 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4337 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4339 …}
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    -password: "$2y$13$KbsQPjyFVkemktpB/3eA3uhMuHlcZ0brjmS3m6.FeQjltPl37KK6q"
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4341 …}
    +apId: "Stoney@aussie.zone"
    +apProfileId: "https://aussie.zone/u/Stoney"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://aussie.zone/u/Stoney"
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://aussie.zone/inbox"
    +apDomain: "aussie.zone"
    +apPreferredUsername: "Stoney"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1694781047 {#4273
      date: 2023-09-15 14:30:47.0 +02:00
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    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1694781046 {#4274
      date: 2023-09-15 14:30:46.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  "showAvatar" => false
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\UserInlineComponent {#10948
  +user: App\Entity\User {#4288
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "Stoney@aussie.zone"
    +username: "@Stoney@aussie.zone"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1694781047 {#4272
      date: 2023-09-15 14:30:47.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: false
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: true
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: true
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
    +isVerified: false
    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4289 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4291 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4293 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4295 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4297 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4299 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4301 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4303 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4305 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4307 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4309 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4311 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4313 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4315 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4317 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4319 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4321 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4323 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4325 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4327 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4329 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4331 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4333 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4335 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4337 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4339 …}
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    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4341 …}
    +apId: "Stoney@aussie.zone"
    +apProfileId: "https://aussie.zone/u/Stoney"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://aussie.zone/u/Stoney"
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://aussie.zone/inbox"
    +apDomain: "aussie.zone"
    +apPreferredUsername: "Stoney"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1694781047 {#4273
      date: 2023-09-15 14:30:47.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1694781046 {#4274
      date: 2023-09-15 14:30:46.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  +showAvatar: false
}
date App\Twig\Components\DateComponent 12.0 MiB 0.14 ms
Input props 
[
  "date" => DateTimeImmutable @1694781042 {#4271
    date: 2023-09-15 14:30:42.0 +02:00
  }
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\DateComponent {#11003
  +date: DateTimeImmutable @1694781042 {#4271
    date: 2023-09-15 14:30:42.0 +02:00
  }
}
date_edited App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent 12.0 MiB 0.09 ms
Input props 
[
  "createdAt" => DateTimeImmutable @1694781042 {#4271
    date: 2023-09-15 14:30:42.0 +02:00
  }
  "editedAt" => null
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent {#11057
  +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1694781042 {#4271
    date: 2023-09-15 14:30:42.0 +02:00
  }
  +editedAt: null
}
user_avatar App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent 12.0 MiB 0.13 ms
Input props 
[
  "user" => App\Entity\User {#4288
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "Stoney@aussie.zone"
    +username: "@Stoney@aussie.zone"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1694781047 {#4272
      date: 2023-09-15 14:30:47.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: false
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: true
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: true
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
    +isVerified: false
    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4289 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4291 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4293 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4295 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4297 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4299 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4301 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4303 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4305 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4307 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4309 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4311 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4313 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4315 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4317 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4319 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4321 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4323 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4325 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4327 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4329 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4331 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4333 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4335 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4337 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4339 …}
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    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4341 …}
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    +apProfileId: "https://aussie.zone/u/Stoney"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://aussie.zone/u/Stoney"
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://aussie.zone/inbox"
    +apDomain: "aussie.zone"
    +apPreferredUsername: "Stoney"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1694781047 {#4273
      date: 2023-09-15 14:30:47.0 +02:00
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    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1694781046 {#4274
      date: 2023-09-15 14:30:46.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  "width" => 40
  "height" => 40
  "asLink" => true
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent {#11111
  +width: 40
  +height: 40
  +user: App\Entity\User {#4288
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "Stoney@aussie.zone"
    +username: "@Stoney@aussie.zone"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1694781047 {#4272
      date: 2023-09-15 14:30:47.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: false
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: true
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    +notifyOnNewPostReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: true
    +addMentionsEntries: false
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    +isBanned: false
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    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4289 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4291 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4293 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4295 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4297 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4299 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4301 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4303 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4305 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4307 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4309 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4311 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4313 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4315 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4317 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4319 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4321 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4323 …}
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    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4341 …}
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    +apDeletedAt: null
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    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1694781046 {#4274
      date: 2023-09-15 14:30:46.0 +02:00
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  +asLink: true
}
vote App\Twig\Components\VoteComponent 12.0 MiB 0.49 ms
Input props 
[
  "subject" => App\Entity\EntryComment {#4275
    +user: App\Entity\User {#4288
      +avatar: null
      +cover: null
      +email: "Stoney@aussie.zone"
      +username: "@Stoney@aussie.zone"
      +roles: []
      +followersCount: 0
      +homepage: "front"
      +about: null
      +lastActive: DateTime @1694781047 {#4272
        date: 2023-09-15 14:30:47.0 +02:00
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      +markedForDeletionAt: null
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      +featuredMagazines: null
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      +notifyOnNewPostReply: true
      +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: true
      +addMentionsEntries: false
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      +isDeleted: false
      +isBot: false
      +spamProtection: true
      +customCss: null
      +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
      +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4289 …}
      +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4291 …}
      +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4293 …}
      +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4295 …}
      +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4297 …}
      +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4299 …}
      +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4301 …}
      +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4303 …}
      +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4305 …}
      +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4307 …}
      +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4309 …}
      +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4311 …}
      +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4313 …}
      +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4315 …}
      +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4317 …}
      +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4319 …}
      +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4321 …}
      +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4323 …}
      +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4325 …}
      +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4327 …}
      +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4329 …}
      +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4331 …}
      +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4333 …}
      +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4335 …}
      +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4337 …}
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      -totpSecret: null
      -totpBackupCodes: []
      -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4341 …}
      +apId: "Stoney@aussie.zone"
      +apProfileId: "https://aussie.zone/u/Stoney"
      +apPublicUrl: "https://aussie.zone/u/Stoney"
      +apFollowersUrl: null
      +apInboxUrl: "https://aussie.zone/inbox"
      +apDomain: "aussie.zone"
      +apPreferredUsername: "Stoney"
      +apDiscoverable: true
      +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
      +privateKey: null
      +publicKey: null
      +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1694781047 {#4273
        date: 2023-09-15 14:30:47.0 +02:00
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      +apDeletedAt: null
      +apTimeoutAt: null
      +visibility: "visible             "
      +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1694781046 {#4274
        date: 2023-09-15 14:30:46.0 +02:00
      }
    }
    +entry: App\Entity\Entry {#2412
      +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1970
        +avatar: null
        +cover: null
        +email: "nilclass@discuss.tchncs.de"
        +username: "@nilclass@discuss.tchncs.de"
        +roles: []
        +followersCount: 0
        +homepage: "front"
        +about: null
        +lastActive: DateTime @1721268563 {#1536
          date: 2024-07-18 04:09:23.0 +02:00
        }
        +markedForDeletionAt: null
        +fields: null
        +oauthGithubId: null
        +oauthGoogleId: null
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        +showSubscribedDomains: true
        +preferredLanguages: []
        +featuredMagazines: null
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        +showProfileFollowings: true
        +markNewComments: false
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        +notifyOnNewPost: false
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        +isDeleted: false
        +isBot: false
        +spamProtection: true
        +customCss: null
        +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
        +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1518 …}
        +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1520 …}
        +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1632 …}
        +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1631 …}
        +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1704 …}
        +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1712 …}
        +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1468 …}
        +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1659 …}
        +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1487 …}
        +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1767 …}
        +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1638 …}
        +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1492 …}
        +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1634 …}
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        +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1419 …}
        +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1412 …}
        +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1453 …}
        +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1432 …}
        +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1425 …}
        +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1435 …}
        +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1699 …}
        +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1703 …}
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        -totpSecret: null
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        -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1678 …}
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
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        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
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        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
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        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
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        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
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        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
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      +body: """
        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
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        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
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        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
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        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
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        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
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        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
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        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
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        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
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        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
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        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
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        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
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        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
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        I am powering a 5V microcontroller (arduino clone, atmega328p) using a 9V block and a buck converter. Now I want to let the microcontroller occasionally measure the battery voltage, so I can get an idea of how full it is.\n
        \n
        My first idea was to use a simple voltage divider:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/9d173f1d-8412-4129-8ae1-c549a7895107.png)\n
        \n
        I’ve chosen the resistor values so that:\n
        \n
        - the voltage at the measure output is `< 1.1V`, to be able to use the 1.1V internal reference of the atmega’s ADC\n
        - `R1 || R2 < 10kΩ`, since the atmega datasheet says “The ADC is optimized for analog signals with an output impedance of approximately 10 kΩ or less”\n
        \n
        This is great and all, but what bothers me is that this circuit will constantly draw ~100µA from the battery.\n
        \n
        So, my next thought was to add a mosfet to the divider, to switch it on only while measuring:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/450dc371-58d0-4eb0-8f3b-4e76bf676bf4.png)\n
        \n
        This is obviously bad, because now when the mosfet is off, the ADC input sees the whole battery voltage.\n
        \n
        To address that issue, I’ve added a second mosfet into the measure path:\n
        \n
        ![](https://discuss.tchncs.de/pictrs/image/970e3840-fcbb-46dd-92fb-8903b89149a0.png)\n
        \n
        This works, and it does not draw any current, except while measuring.\n
        \n
        However, it’s quite a few parts. So I’m curious if anyone has an idea how to do this with just a single mosfet. It seems to me like it should be possible, but I haven’t figured out how.\n
        \n
        Oh, and if I’m doing something stupid here, please tell me :)
        """
      +type: "article"
      +lang: "en"
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      +comments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1884 …}
      +votes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1973 …}
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      +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1927 …}
      +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#2442 …}
      +badges: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#2440 …}
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        date: 2023-08-25 09:07:12.0 +02:00
      }
      +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1692947137 {#2420
        date: 2023-08-25 09:05:37.0 +02:00
      }
    }
    +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#266}
    +image: null
    +parent: null
    +root: null
    +body: "increase the resistors by a factor of 100 or so and add a very small cap across the lower one. The cap inside the ADC is absolutely tiny, pF at best. So a 100nF cap would easily do the trick and supply the voltage as required."
    +lang: "en"
    +isAdult: false
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      "@nilclass@discuss.tchncs.de"
    ]
    +children: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4276 …}
    +nested: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4278 …}
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      date: 2023-09-15 14:30:42.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  +nestedComments: []
  +level: 1
  +view: "tree"
  -entryCommentRepository: App\Repository\EntryCommentRepository {#558 …}
  -twig: Twig\Environment {#1252 …}
  -security: Symfony\Bundle\SecurityBundle\Security {#1101 …}
  -cache: Symfony\Component\Cache\Adapter\TraceableTagAwareAdapter {#600 …}
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}
settings_row_enum App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowEnumComponent 12.0 MiB 0.21 ms
Input props 
[
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  "values" => [
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      "value" => "LEFT"
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    [
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      "value" => "RIGHT"
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  "defaultValue" => "RIGHT"
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowEnumComponent {#11602
  +label: "Sidebar position"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_GENERAL_SIDEBAR_POSITION"
  +values: [
    [
      "name" => "Left"
      "value" => "LEFT"
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    [
      "name" => "Right"
      "value" => "RIGHT"
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}
settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent 12.0 MiB 0.19 ms
Input props 
[
  "label" => "Dynamic lists"
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]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#11666
  +label: "Dynamic lists"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_GENERAL_DYNAMIC_LISTS"
  +defaultValue: false
  +reloadRequired: true
}
settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent 12.0 MiB 0.13 ms
Input props 
[
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  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_GENERAL_ROUNDED_EDGES"
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#11731
  +label: "Rounded edges"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_GENERAL_ROUNDED_EDGES"
  +defaultValue: false
  +reloadRequired: true
}
settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent 12.0 MiB 0.12 ms
Input props 
[
  "label" => "Infinite scrolling"
  "help" => "Automatically load more content when you reach the bottom of the page."
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_GENERAL_INFINITE_SCROLL"
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#11787
  +label: "Infinite scrolling"
  +help: "Automatically load more content when you reach the bottom of the page."
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_GENERAL_INFINITE_SCROLL"
  +defaultValue: false
  +reloadRequired: true
}
settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent 12.0 MiB 0.12 ms
Input props 
[
  "label" => "Sticky navbar"
  "help" => "The navbar will stick to the top of the page when you scroll down."
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]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#11846
  +label: "Sticky navbar"
  +help: "The navbar will stick to the top of the page when you scroll down."
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_GENERAL_FIXED_NAVBAR"
  +defaultValue: false
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}
settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent 12.0 MiB 0.12 ms
Input props 
[
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]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#11902
  +label: "Show top bar"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_GENERAL_TOPBAR"
  +defaultValue: false
  +reloadRequired: true
}
settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent 12.0 MiB 0.13 ms
Input props 
[
  "label" => "Turbo mode (experimental)"
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]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#11958
  +label: "Turbo mode (experimental)"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_GENERAL_TURBO"
  +defaultValue: false
  +reloadRequired: true
}
user_settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\UserSettingsRowSwitchComponent 12.0 MiB 0.29 ms
Input props 
[
  "label" => "Mark new comments"
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]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\UserSettingsRowSwitchComponent {#12016
  +label: "Mark new comments"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_MARK_NEW_COMMENTS"
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  +reloadRequired: true
}
settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent 12.0 MiB 0.12 ms
Input props 
[
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  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_GENERAL_SUPPORT_US_BLOCK"
  "defaultValue" => true
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#12079
  +label: "Show "Support Us" block"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_GENERAL_SUPPORT_US_BLOCK"
  +defaultValue: true
  +reloadRequired: true
}
user_settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\UserSettingsRowSwitchComponent 12.0 MiB 0.14 ms
Input props 
[
  "label" => "Show subscribed users"
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]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\UserSettingsRowSwitchComponent {#12137
  +label: "Show subscribed users"
  +help: ""
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  +reloadRequired: true
}
user_settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\UserSettingsRowSwitchComponent 12.0 MiB 0.13 ms
Input props 
[
  "label" => "Show subscribed magazines"
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_SUB_CHANNEL_MAGAZINES"
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\UserSettingsRowSwitchComponent {#12193
  +label: "Show subscribed magazines"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_SUB_CHANNEL_MAGAZINES"
  +defaultValue: false
  +reloadRequired: true
}
user_settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\UserSettingsRowSwitchComponent 12.0 MiB 0.18 ms
Input props 
[
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]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\UserSettingsRowSwitchComponent {#12249
  +label: "Show subscribed domains"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_SUB_CHANNEL_DOMAINS"
  +defaultValue: false
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}
settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent 12.0 MiB 0.12 ms
Input props 
[
  "label" => "Auto media preview"
  "help" => "Automatically expand media previews."
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_ENTRIES_SHOW_PREVIEW"
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#12305
  +label: "Auto media preview"
  +help: "Automatically expand media previews."
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_ENTRIES_SHOW_PREVIEW"
  +defaultValue: false
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}
settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent 12.0 MiB 0.12 ms
Input props 
[
  "label" => "Compact view"
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_ENTRIES_COMPACT"
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#12361
  +label: "Compact view"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_ENTRIES_COMPACT"
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  +reloadRequired: true
}
settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent 12.0 MiB 0.11 ms
Input props 
[
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  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_ENTRIES_SHOW_USERS_AVATARS"
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#12417
  +label: "Show users’ avatars"
  +help: ""
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}
settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent 12.0 MiB 0.12 ms
Input props 
[
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  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_ENTRIES_SHOW_MAGAZINES_ICONS"
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#12473
  +label: "Show magazines’ icons"
  +help: ""
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}
settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent 12.0 MiB 0.12 ms
Input props 
[
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  "defaultValue" => true
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#12529
  +label: "Show thumbnails"
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}
settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent 12.0 MiB 0.14 ms
Input props 
[
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  "help" => "Automatically expand media previews."
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_POSTS_SHOW_PREVIEW"
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#12585
  +label: "Auto media preview"
  +help: "Automatically expand media previews."
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  +defaultValue: false
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}
settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent 12.0 MiB 0.14 ms
Input props 
[
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  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_POSTS_SHOW_USERS_AVATARS"
  "defaultValue" => true
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#12641
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  +defaultValue: true
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}
settings_row_enum App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowEnumComponent 12.0 MiB 0.22 ms
Input props 
[
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      "value" => "BOTTOM"
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  "defaultValue" => "TOP"
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowEnumComponent {#12697
  +label: "Comment reply position"
  +help: "Display the comment reply form either at the top or bottom of the page. When 'infinite scroll' is enabled the position will always appear at the top."
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_COMMENTS_REPLY_POSITION"
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    [
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}
settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent 14.0 MiB 0.13 ms
Input props 
[
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  "help" => "Display/hide user avatars when viewing comments on a single thread or post."
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  "defaultValue" => true
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#12755
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  +help: "Display/hide user avatars when viewing comments on a single thread or post."
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_COMMENTS_SHOW_USER_AVATAR"
  +defaultValue: true
  +reloadRequired: true
}
user_actions App\Twig\Components\UserActionsComponent 14.0 MiB 0.46 ms
Input props 
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    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1518 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1520 …}
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    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1631 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1704 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1712 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1468 …}
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     …2
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]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\UserActionsComponent {#12832
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    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1453 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1432 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1425 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1435 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1699 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1703 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1430 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1595 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1645 …}
    -id: 6046
    -password: "$2y$13$FEroXtR95mjA6.omogLZRe7NJuWUL6hb.9a/FfXkqyIPnPgg4Apme"
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1678 …}
    +apId: "nilclass@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apProfileId: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/u/nilclass"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/u/nilclass"
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/inbox"
    +apDomain: "discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apPreferredUsername: "nilclass"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1720630912 {#1515
      date: 2024-07-10 19:01:52.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1687291240 {#1516
      date: 2023-06-20 22:00:40.0 +02:00
    }
    +__isInitialized__: true
     …2
  }
}
date App\Twig\Components\DateComponent 14.0 MiB 0.13 ms
Input props 
[
  "date" => DateTimeImmutable @1692947137 {#2420
    date: 2023-08-25 09:05:37.0 +02:00
  }
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\DateComponent {#12893
  +date: DateTimeImmutable @1692947137 {#2420
    date: 2023-08-25 09:05:37.0 +02:00
  }
}
magazine_box App\Twig\Components\MagazineBoxComponent 14.0 MiB 17.59 ms
Input props 
[
  "magazine" => App\Entity\Magazine {#266
    +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#247 …}
    +name: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +title: "askelectronics"
    +description: """
      **For questions about component-level electronic circuits, tools and equipment.**\n
      \n
      Rules\n
      -----\n
      \n
      1: Be nice.\n
      \n
      2: Be on-topic (eg: *Electronic*, not *electrical*).\n
      \n
      3: No commercial stuff, buying, selling or valuations.\n
      \n
      4: Be safe.\n
      \n
      ---
      """
    +rules: null
    +subscriptionsCount: 1
    +entryCount: 154
    +entryCommentCount: 1230
    +postCount: 1
    +postCommentCount: 4
    +isAdult: false
    +customCss: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1729413608 {#276
      date: 2024-10-20 10:40:08.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +tags: null
    +moderators: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#238 …}
    +ownershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#234 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#223 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#181 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#139 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#201 …}
    +bans: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#118 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#104 …}
    +badges: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#82 …}
    +logs: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#72 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#61 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1820 …}
    -id: 11
    +apId: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apProfileId: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics"
    +apFollowersUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics/followers"
    +apInboxUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/inbox"
    +apDomain: "discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apPreferredUsername: "askelectronics"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: null
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1727247714 {#270
      date: 2024-09-25 09:01:54.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1687144409 {#272
      date: 2023-06-19 05:13:29.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  "showSectionTitle" => true
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\MagazineBoxComponent {#12949
  +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#266
    +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#247 …}
    +name: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +title: "askelectronics"
    +description: """
      **For questions about component-level electronic circuits, tools and equipment.**\n
      \n
      Rules\n
      -----\n
      \n
      1: Be nice.\n
      \n
      2: Be on-topic (eg: *Electronic*, not *electrical*).\n
      \n
      3: No commercial stuff, buying, selling or valuations.\n
      \n
      4: Be safe.\n
      \n
      ---
      """
    +rules: null
    +subscriptionsCount: 1
    +entryCount: 154
    +entryCommentCount: 1230
    +postCount: 1
    +postCommentCount: 4
    +isAdult: false
    +customCss: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1729413608 {#276
      date: 2024-10-20 10:40:08.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +tags: null
    +moderators: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#238 …}
    +ownershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#234 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#223 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#181 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#139 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#201 …}
    +bans: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#118 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#104 …}
    +badges: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#82 …}
    +logs: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#72 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#61 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1820 …}
    -id: 11
    +apId: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apProfileId: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics"
    +apFollowersUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics/followers"
    +apInboxUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/inbox"
    +apDomain: "discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apPreferredUsername: "askelectronics"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: null
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1727247714 {#270
      date: 2024-09-25 09:01:54.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1687144409 {#272
      date: 2023-06-19 05:13:29.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  +showCover: true
  +showDescription: true
  +showRules: true
  +showSubscribeButton: true
  +showInfo: true
  +showMeta: true
  +showSectionTitle: true
  +stretchedLink: true
}
magazine_sub App\Twig\Components\MagazineSubComponent 14.0 MiB 0.54 ms
Input props 
[
  "magazine" => App\Entity\Magazine {#266
    +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#247 …}
    +name: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +title: "askelectronics"
    +description: """
      **For questions about component-level electronic circuits, tools and equipment.**\n
      \n
      Rules\n
      -----\n
      \n
      1: Be nice.\n
      \n
      2: Be on-topic (eg: *Electronic*, not *electrical*).\n
      \n
      3: No commercial stuff, buying, selling or valuations.\n
      \n
      4: Be safe.\n
      \n
      ---
      """
    +rules: null
    +subscriptionsCount: 1
    +entryCount: 154
    +entryCommentCount: 1230
    +postCount: 1
    +postCommentCount: 4
    +isAdult: false
    +customCss: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1729413608 {#276
      date: 2024-10-20 10:40:08.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +tags: null
    +moderators: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#238 …}
    +ownershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#234 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#223 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#181 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#139 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#201 …}
    +bans: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#118 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#104 …}
    +badges: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#82 …}
    +logs: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#72 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#61 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1820 …}
    -id: 11
    +apId: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apProfileId: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics"
    +apFollowersUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics/followers"
    +apInboxUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/inbox"
    +apDomain: "discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apPreferredUsername: "askelectronics"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: null
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1727247714 {#270
      date: 2024-09-25 09:01:54.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1687144409 {#272
      date: 2023-06-19 05:13:29.0 +02:00
    }
  }
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\MagazineSubComponent {#13007
  +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#266
    +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#247 …}
    +name: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +title: "askelectronics"
    +description: """
      **For questions about component-level electronic circuits, tools and equipment.**\n
      \n
      Rules\n
      -----\n
      \n
      1: Be nice.\n
      \n
      2: Be on-topic (eg: *Electronic*, not *electrical*).\n
      \n
      3: No commercial stuff, buying, selling or valuations.\n
      \n
      4: Be safe.\n
      \n
      ---
      """
    +rules: null
    +subscriptionsCount: 1
    +entryCount: 154
    +entryCommentCount: 1230
    +postCount: 1
    +postCommentCount: 4
    +isAdult: false
    +customCss: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1729413608 {#276
      date: 2024-10-20 10:40:08.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +tags: null
    +moderators: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#238 …}
    +ownershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#234 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#223 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#181 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#139 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#201 …}
    +bans: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#118 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#104 …}
    +badges: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#82 …}
    +logs: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#72 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#61 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1820 …}
    -id: 11
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    +apProfileId: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics"
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    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: null
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
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      date: 2024-09-25 09:01:54.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1687144409 {#272
      date: 2023-06-19 05:13:29.0 +02:00
    }
  }
}
date App\Twig\Components\DateComponent 14.0 MiB 0.16 ms
Input props 
[
  "date" => DateTimeImmutable @1687144409 {#272
    date: 2023-06-19 05:13:29.0 +02:00
  }
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\DateComponent {#13119
  +date: DateTimeImmutable @1687144409 {#272
    date: 2023-06-19 05:13:29.0 +02:00
  }
}
user_inline App\Twig\Components\UserInlineComponent 14.0 MiB 3.46 ms
Input props 
[
  "user" => Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#13178
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "kbin@j0h.nl"
    +username: "Sprite_tm"
    +roles: [
      "ROLE_ADMIN"
    ]
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: "Hi! I'm Sprite_tm. You may know me from sites like https://spritesmods.com."
    +lastActive: DateTime @1707547382 {#13225
      date: 2024-02-10 07:43:02.0 +01:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: true
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: false
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
    +isVerified: true
    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13227 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13229 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13231 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13233 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13235 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13237 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13239 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13241 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13243 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13245 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13247 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13249 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13251 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13253 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13255 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13257 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13259 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13261 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13263 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13265 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13267 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13269 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13271 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13273 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13275 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13277 …}
    -id: 1
    -password: "$2y$13$ZX7Aou2QOPRGkHPp4y5x8OWfxZMoT1BGH7bRLlPP7mwZFTkfiaPGG"
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13279 …}
    +apId: null
    +apProfileId: null
    +apPublicUrl: null
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: null
    +apDomain: null
    +apPreferredUsername: null
    +apDiscoverable: null
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: null
    +privateKey: """
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      -----END PRIVATE KEY-----
      """
    +publicKey: """
      -----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----\r\n
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      -----END PUBLIC KEY-----
      """
    +apFetchedAt: null
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1686560440 {#13226
      date: 2023-06-12 11:00:40.0 +02:00
    }
    +__isInitialized__: true
     …2
  }
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\UserInlineComponent {#13196
  +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#13178
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "kbin@j0h.nl"
    +username: "Sprite_tm"
    +roles: [
      "ROLE_ADMIN"
    ]
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: "Hi! I'm Sprite_tm. You may know me from sites like https://spritesmods.com."
    +lastActive: DateTime @1707547382 {#13225
      date: 2024-02-10 07:43:02.0 +01:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: true
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: false
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
    +isVerified: true
    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13227 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13229 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13231 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13233 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13235 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13237 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13239 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13241 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13243 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13245 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13247 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13249 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13251 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13253 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13255 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13257 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13259 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13261 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13263 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13265 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13267 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13269 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13271 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13273 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13275 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13277 …}
    -id: 1
    -password: "$2y$13$ZX7Aou2QOPRGkHPp4y5x8OWfxZMoT1BGH7bRLlPP7mwZFTkfiaPGG"
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13279 …}
    +apId: null
    +apProfileId: null
    +apPublicUrl: null
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: null
    +apDomain: null
    +apPreferredUsername: null
    +apDiscoverable: null
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: null
    +privateKey: """
      -----BEGIN PRIVATE KEY-----\r\n
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      Cgb38EldyAVGjCzRGfhu9SNU9B03bg==\r\n
      -----END PRIVATE KEY-----
      """
    +publicKey: """
      -----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----\r\n
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      U45ZxOEnTM9GSbe2y48JSnUCAwEAAQ==\r\n
      -----END PUBLIC KEY-----
      """
    +apFetchedAt: null
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1686560440 {#13226
      date: 2023-06-12 11:00:40.0 +02:00
    }
    +__isInitialized__: true
     …2
  }
  +showAvatar: true
}
related_magazines App\Twig\Components\RelatedMagazinesComponent 14.0 MiB 6.80 ms
Input props 
[
  "magazine" => "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
  "tag" => null
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\RelatedMagazinesComponent {#13387
  +limit: 4
  +tag: null
  +magazine: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
  +type: "magazine"
  +title: "related_magazines"
  +refreshedRandom: false
  -repository: App\Repository\MagazineRepository {#334 …}
  -cache: Symfony\Component\Cache\Adapter\TraceableTagAwareAdapter {#600 …}
  -twig: Twig\Environment {#1252 …}
  -requestStack: Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\RequestStack {#1328 …}
}
active_users App\Twig\Components\ActiveUsersComponent 14.0 MiB 20.43 ms
Input props 
[
  "magazine" => App\Entity\Magazine {#266
    +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#247 …}
    +name: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +title: "askelectronics"
    +description: """
      **For questions about component-level electronic circuits, tools and equipment.**\n
      \n
      Rules\n
      -----\n
      \n
      1: Be nice.\n
      \n
      2: Be on-topic (eg: *Electronic*, not *electrical*).\n
      \n
      3: No commercial stuff, buying, selling or valuations.\n
      \n
      4: Be safe.\n
      \n
      ---
      """
    +rules: null
    +subscriptionsCount: 1
    +entryCount: 154
    +entryCommentCount: 1230
    +postCount: 1
    +postCommentCount: 4
    +isAdult: false
    +customCss: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1729413608 {#276
      date: 2024-10-20 10:40:08.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +tags: null
    +moderators: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#238 …}
    +ownershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#234 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#223 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#181 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#139 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#201 …}
    +bans: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#118 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#104 …}
    +badges: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#82 …}
    +logs: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#72 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#61 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1820 …}
    -id: 11
    +apId: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apProfileId: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics"
    +apFollowersUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics/followers"
    +apInboxUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/inbox"
    +apDomain: "discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apPreferredUsername: "askelectronics"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: null
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1727247714 {#270
      date: 2024-09-25 09:01:54.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1687144409 {#272
      date: 2023-06-19 05:13:29.0 +02:00
    }
  }
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\ActiveUsersComponent {#13513
  +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#266
    +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#247 …}
    +name: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +title: "askelectronics"
    +description: """
      **For questions about component-level electronic circuits, tools and equipment.**\n
      \n
      Rules\n
      -----\n
      \n
      1: Be nice.\n
      \n
      2: Be on-topic (eg: *Electronic*, not *electrical*).\n
      \n
      3: No commercial stuff, buying, selling or valuations.\n
      \n
      4: Be safe.\n
      \n
      ---
      """
    +rules: null
    +subscriptionsCount: 1
    +entryCount: 154
    +entryCommentCount: 1230
    +postCount: 1
    +postCommentCount: 4
    +isAdult: false
    +customCss: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1729413608 {#276
      date: 2024-10-20 10:40:08.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +tags: null
    +moderators: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#238 …}
    +ownershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#234 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#223 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#181 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#139 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#201 …}
    +bans: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#118 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#104 …}
    +badges: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#82 …}
    +logs: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#72 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#61 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1820 …}
    -id: 11
    +apId: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apProfileId: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics"
    +apFollowersUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics/followers"
    +apInboxUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/inbox"
    +apDomain: "discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apPreferredUsername: "askelectronics"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: null
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1727247714 {#270
      date: 2024-09-25 09:01:54.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1687144409 {#272
      date: 2023-06-19 05:13:29.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  -userRepository: App\Repository\UserRepository {#603 …}
  -cache: Symfony\Component\Cache\Adapter\TraceableTagAwareAdapter {#600 …}
  -twig: Twig\Environment {#1252 …}
  -requestStack: Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\RequestStack {#1328 …}
}
user_avatar App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent 14.0 MiB 0.61 ms
Input props 
[
  "user" => App\Entity\User {#13763
    +avatar: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#13762 …}
    +cover: null
    +email: "jarrodsfarrell@hoosier.social"
    +username: "@jarrodsfarrell@hoosier.social"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: """
      Grounded tech enthusiast, Linux enjoyer, and Indy 500 wannabe that lives in south-east Indiana.  \n
      Go pride. [#LGBTQ](https://hoosier.social/tags/LGBTQ)
      """
    +lastActive: DateTime @1690728142 {#13766
      date: 2023-07-30 16:42:22.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: true
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: false
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
    +isVerified: false
    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13761 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13759 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13757 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13755 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13753 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13751 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13749 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13747 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13745 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13743 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13741 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13739 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13737 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13735 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13733 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13731 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13729 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13727 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13725 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13723 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13721 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13719 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13717 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13715 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13713 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13711 …}
    -id: 20657
    -password: "$2y$13$XNERcrvg1/EZkZQbKQ6R6efd5bjo3rlAJRSz0lDRnfkNCV76hr5Me"
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13709 …}
    +apId: "jarrodsfarrell@hoosier.social"
    +apProfileId: "https://hoosier.social/users/jarrodsfarrell"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://hoosier.social/@jarrodsfarrell"
    +apFollowersUrl: "https://hoosier.social/users/jarrodsfarrell/followers"
    +apInboxUrl: "https://hoosier.social/inbox"
    +apDomain: "hoosier.social"
    +apPreferredUsername: "jarrodsfarrell"
    +apDiscoverable: false
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1690726862 {#13765
      date: 2023-07-30 16:21:02.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1688878027 {#13764
      date: 2023-07-09 06:47:07.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  "width" => 65
  "height" => 65
  "asLink" => true
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent {#13569
  +width: 65
  +height: 65
  +user: App\Entity\User {#13763
    +avatar: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#13762 …}
    +cover: null
    +email: "jarrodsfarrell@hoosier.social"
    +username: "@jarrodsfarrell@hoosier.social"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: """
      Grounded tech enthusiast, Linux enjoyer, and Indy 500 wannabe that lives in south-east Indiana.  \n
      Go pride. [#LGBTQ](https://hoosier.social/tags/LGBTQ)
      """
    +lastActive: DateTime @1690728142 {#13766
      date: 2023-07-30 16:42:22.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: true
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
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    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: false
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    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
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    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13761 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13759 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13757 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13755 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13753 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13751 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13749 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13747 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13745 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13743 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13741 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13739 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13737 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13735 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13733 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13731 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13729 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13727 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13725 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13723 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13721 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13719 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13717 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13715 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13713 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13711 …}
    -id: 20657
    -password: "$2y$13$XNERcrvg1/EZkZQbKQ6R6efd5bjo3rlAJRSz0lDRnfkNCV76hr5Me"
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13709 …}
    +apId: "jarrodsfarrell@hoosier.social"
    +apProfileId: "https://hoosier.social/users/jarrodsfarrell"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://hoosier.social/@jarrodsfarrell"
    +apFollowersUrl: "https://hoosier.social/users/jarrodsfarrell/followers"
    +apInboxUrl: "https://hoosier.social/inbox"
    +apDomain: "hoosier.social"
    +apPreferredUsername: "jarrodsfarrell"
    +apDiscoverable: false
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1690726862 {#13765
      date: 2023-07-30 16:21:02.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1688878027 {#13764
      date: 2023-07-09 06:47:07.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  +asLink: true
}
user_avatar App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent 14.0 MiB 0.46 ms
Input props 
[
  "user" => App\Entity\User {#13645
    +avatar: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#13644 …}
    +cover: null
    +email: "skillissuer@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +username: "@skillissuer@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: "i should be writing"
    +lastActive: DateTime @1721044672 {#13648
      date: 2024-07-15 13:57:52.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: false
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: true
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: true
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
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    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13643 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13641 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13639 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13637 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13635 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13633 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13631 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13629 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13627 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13625 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13623 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13621 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13619 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13617 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13615 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13613 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13611 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13609 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13607 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13605 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13603 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13601 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13599 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13597 …}
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    -id: 39464
    -password: "$2y$13$wQAP4Gif3ESopfZf00xAU.zwr9iTTX.ev3twB9omsse0v00sxuD/G"
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13591 …}
    +apId: "skillissuer@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apProfileId: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/u/skillissuer"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/u/skillissuer"
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/inbox"
    +apDomain: "discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apPreferredUsername: "skillissuer"
    +apDiscoverable: true
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    +privateKey: null
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    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1728245617 {#13647
      date: 2024-10-06 22:13:37.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
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    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1691480767 {#13646
      date: 2023-08-08 09:46:07.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  "width" => 65
  "height" => 65
  "asLink" => true
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent {#13849
  +width: 65
  +height: 65
  +user: App\Entity\User {#13645
    +avatar: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#13644 …}
    +cover: null
    +email: "skillissuer@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +username: "@skillissuer@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: "i should be writing"
    +lastActive: DateTime @1721044672 {#13648
      date: 2024-07-15 13:57:52.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
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    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: false
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
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    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13643 …}
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    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13637 …}
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    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13611 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13609 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13607 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13605 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13603 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13601 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13599 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13597 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13595 …}
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    -id: 39464
    -password: "$2y$13$wQAP4Gif3ESopfZf00xAU.zwr9iTTX.ev3twB9omsse0v00sxuD/G"
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13591 …}
    +apId: "skillissuer@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apProfileId: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/u/skillissuer"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/u/skillissuer"
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/inbox"
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    +privateKey: null
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    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1728245617 {#13647
      date: 2024-10-06 22:13:37.0 +02:00
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    +apDeletedAt: null
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    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1691480767 {#13646
      date: 2023-08-08 09:46:07.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  +asLink: true
}
user_avatar App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent 14.0 MiB 0.45 ms
Input props 
[
  "user" => App\Entity\User {#13960
    +avatar: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#13957 …}
    +cover: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#13958 …}
    +email: "TCB13@lemmy.world"
    +username: "@TCB13@lemmy.world"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: ""
    +lastActive: DateTime @1729518803 {#13780
      date: 2024-10-21 15:53:23.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: false
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: true
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: true
    +addMentionsEntries: false
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    +isBanned: false
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    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13955 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13953 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13951 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13949 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13947 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13945 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13943 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13941 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13939 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13937 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13935 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13933 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13931 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13929 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13927 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13925 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13923 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13921 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13919 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13917 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13915 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13913 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13911 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13909 …}
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    -id: 43677
    -password: "$2y$13$67WvGuLt4FPbc4trvxnH0ODZHTvTlMWI7kaafAJZUzYiSsXw.KDqi"
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13903 …}
    +apId: "TCB13@lemmy.world"
    +apProfileId: "https://lemmy.world/u/TCB13"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://lemmy.world/u/TCB13"
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://lemmy.world/inbox"
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    +apPreferredUsername: "TCB13"
    +apDiscoverable: true
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    +privateKey: null
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    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1729566764 {#13961
      date: 2024-10-22 05:12:44.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
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    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1693492241 {#13959
      date: 2023-08-31 16:30:41.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  "width" => 65
  "height" => 65
  "asLink" => true
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent {#13794
  +width: 65
  +height: 65
  +user: App\Entity\User {#13960
    +avatar: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#13957 …}
    +cover: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#13958 …}
    +email: "TCB13@lemmy.world"
    +username: "@TCB13@lemmy.world"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: ""
    +lastActive: DateTime @1729518803 {#13780
      date: 2024-10-21 15:53:23.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: false
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: true
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: true
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
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    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13955 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13953 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13951 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13949 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13947 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13945 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13943 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13941 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13939 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13937 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13935 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13933 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13931 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13929 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13927 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13925 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13923 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13921 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13919 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13917 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13915 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13913 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13911 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13909 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13907 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13905 …}
    -id: 43677
    -password: "$2y$13$67WvGuLt4FPbc4trvxnH0ODZHTvTlMWI7kaafAJZUzYiSsXw.KDqi"
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13903 …}
    +apId: "TCB13@lemmy.world"
    +apProfileId: "https://lemmy.world/u/TCB13"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://lemmy.world/u/TCB13"
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://lemmy.world/inbox"
    +apDomain: "lemmy.world"
    +apPreferredUsername: "TCB13"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1729566764 {#13961
      date: 2024-10-22 05:12:44.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1693492241 {#13959
      date: 2023-08-31 16:30:41.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  +asLink: true
}
user_avatar App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent 14.0 MiB 0.47 ms
Input props 
[
  "user" => App\Entity\User {#13704
    +avatar: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#13703 …}
    +cover: null
    +email: "birdcat@lemmy.ml"
    +username: "@birdcat@lemmy.ml"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: """
      Appreciate and upvote every reply to my comments/posts if I can detect any effort being put into it; even if I think you completely missed what I tried to say or strongly disagree with your opinion.\n
      \n
      Occasionally I cannot resist shitposting, hyperbolic, ironic, sarcastic or populist rhetoric; no /s
      """
    +lastActive: DateTime @1696696022 {#13707
      date: 2023-10-07 18:27:02.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: true
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: false
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
    +isVerified: false
    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13702 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13700 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13698 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13696 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13694 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13692 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13690 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13688 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13686 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13684 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13682 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13680 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13678 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13676 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13674 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13672 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13670 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13668 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13666 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13664 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13662 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13660 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13658 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13656 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13654 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13652 …}
    -id: 21796
    -password: "$2y$13$ACNmoGKWwRgm/Njn146GG.b25O8.XXYtlu6ZukGNMl7KWiROcYuzK"
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13650 …}
    +apId: "birdcat@lemmy.ml"
    +apProfileId: "https://lemmy.ml/u/birdcat"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://lemmy.ml/u/birdcat"
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://lemmy.ml/inbox"
    +apDomain: "lemmy.ml"
    +apPreferredUsername: "birdcat"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1719824521 {#13706
      date: 2024-07-01 11:02:01.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1689039812 {#13705
      date: 2023-07-11 03:43:32.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  "width" => 65
  "height" => 65
  "asLink" => true
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent {#14020
  +width: 65
  +height: 65
  +user: App\Entity\User {#13704
    +avatar: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#13703 …}
    +cover: null
    +email: "birdcat@lemmy.ml"
    +username: "@birdcat@lemmy.ml"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: """
      Appreciate and upvote every reply to my comments/posts if I can detect any effort being put into it; even if I think you completely missed what I tried to say or strongly disagree with your opinion.\n
      \n
      Occasionally I cannot resist shitposting, hyperbolic, ironic, sarcastic or populist rhetoric; no /s
      """
    +lastActive: DateTime @1696696022 {#13707
      date: 2023-10-07 18:27:02.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: true
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: false
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
    +isVerified: false
    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13702 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13700 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13698 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13696 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13694 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13692 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13690 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13688 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13686 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13684 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13682 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13680 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13678 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13676 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13674 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13672 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13670 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13668 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13666 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13664 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13662 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13660 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13658 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13656 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13654 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13652 …}
    -id: 21796
    -password: "$2y$13$ACNmoGKWwRgm/Njn146GG.b25O8.XXYtlu6ZukGNMl7KWiROcYuzK"
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13650 …}
    +apId: "birdcat@lemmy.ml"
    +apProfileId: "https://lemmy.ml/u/birdcat"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://lemmy.ml/u/birdcat"
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://lemmy.ml/inbox"
    +apDomain: "lemmy.ml"
    +apPreferredUsername: "birdcat"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1719824521 {#13706
      date: 2024-07-01 11:02:01.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1689039812 {#13705
      date: 2023-07-11 03:43:32.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  +asLink: true
}
user_avatar App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent 14.0 MiB 0.40 ms
Input props 
[
  "user" => App\Entity\User {#13586
    +avatar: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#13585 …}
    +cover: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#13584 …}
    +email: "vfrmedia@social.tchncs.de"
    +username: "@vfrmedia@social.tchncs.de"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: """
      Old roaming Tom Cat (zwerfkater) but still young at heart. Toots EN, (NL,FR,DE). [#DevOpa](https://social.tchncs.de/tags/DevOpa) - interested more in retro tech / culture / aesthetics than new stuff. Also transport and public infrastructure in general (with a UK/European focus)\n
      \n
      Welcome to the secret goose shed!\n
      \n
      Avatar is a tabby point Siamese cat - header picture is a Stentor FM radio transmitter designed in the Netherlands; popular with small pirate radio broadcasters in late 1980s
      """
    +lastActive: DateTime @1692636225 {#13589
      date: 2023-08-21 18:43:45.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: false
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: true
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: true
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
    +isVerified: false
    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13583 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13581 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13531 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13533 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13540 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13541 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13543 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13545 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13542 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13535 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13553 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13550 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13558 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13555 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13563 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13565 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13567 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13975 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13969 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13782 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13771 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13977 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13976 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13973 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13970 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13967 …}
    -id: 41651
    -password: "$2y$13$MR/jvQLw20snj7dhCUOzrerIeJOUi.vmMEXqlAliA6M/KYuWQH.Sa"
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13966 …}
    +apId: "vfrmedia@social.tchncs.de"
    +apProfileId: "https://social.tchncs.de/users/vfrmedia"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://social.tchncs.de/@vfrmedia"
    +apFollowersUrl: "https://social.tchncs.de/users/vfrmedia/followers"
    +apInboxUrl: "https://social.tchncs.de/inbox"
    +apDomain: "social.tchncs.de"
    +apPreferredUsername: "vfrmedia"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1692636225 {#13588
      date: 2023-08-21 18:43:45.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1692554254 {#13587
      date: 2023-08-20 19:57:34.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  "width" => 65
  "height" => 65
  "asLink" => true
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent {#14077
  +width: 65
  +height: 65
  +user: App\Entity\User {#13586
    +avatar: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#13585 …}
    +cover: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#13584 …}
    +email: "vfrmedia@social.tchncs.de"
    +username: "@vfrmedia@social.tchncs.de"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: """
      Old roaming Tom Cat (zwerfkater) but still young at heart. Toots EN, (NL,FR,DE). [#DevOpa](https://social.tchncs.de/tags/DevOpa) - interested more in retro tech / culture / aesthetics than new stuff. Also transport and public infrastructure in general (with a UK/European focus)\n
      \n
      Welcome to the secret goose shed!\n
      \n
      Avatar is a tabby point Siamese cat - header picture is a Stentor FM radio transmitter designed in the Netherlands; popular with small pirate radio broadcasters in late 1980s
      """
    +lastActive: DateTime @1692636225 {#13589
      date: 2023-08-21 18:43:45.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: false
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: true
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: true
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
    +isVerified: false
    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13583 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13581 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13531 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13533 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13540 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13541 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13543 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13545 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13542 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13535 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13553 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13550 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13558 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13555 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13563 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13565 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13567 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13975 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13969 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13782 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13771 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13977 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13976 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13973 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13970 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13967 …}
    -id: 41651
    -password: "$2y$13$MR/jvQLw20snj7dhCUOzrerIeJOUi.vmMEXqlAliA6M/KYuWQH.Sa"
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13966 …}
    +apId: "vfrmedia@social.tchncs.de"
    +apProfileId: "https://social.tchncs.de/users/vfrmedia"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://social.tchncs.de/@vfrmedia"
    +apFollowersUrl: "https://social.tchncs.de/users/vfrmedia/followers"
    +apInboxUrl: "https://social.tchncs.de/inbox"
    +apDomain: "social.tchncs.de"
    +apPreferredUsername: "vfrmedia"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1692636225 {#13588
      date: 2023-08-21 18:43:45.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1692554254 {#13587
      date: 2023-08-20 19:57:34.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  +asLink: true
}
related_categories App\Twig\Components\RelatedCategoriesComponent 14.0 MiB 12.08 ms
Input props 
[
  "magazine" => "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
  "tag" => null
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\RelatedCategoriesComponent {#14139
  +limit: 4
  +tag: null
  +magazine: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
  +type: "related"
  +title: "related_categories"
  +refreshedRandom: false
  -repository: App\Repository\CategoryRepository {#14140 …}
  -cache: Symfony\Component\Cache\Adapter\TraceableTagAwareAdapter {#600 …}
  -twig: Twig\Environment {#1252 …}
  -requestStack: Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\RequestStack {#1328 …}
}
related_posts App\Twig\Components\RelatedPostsComponent 14.0 MiB 5.07 ms
Input props 
[
  "magazine" => "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
  "tag" => null
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\RelatedPostsComponent {#7893
  +limit: 4
  +tag: null
  +magazine: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
  +type: "magazine"
  +post: null
  +title: "related_posts"
  +refreshedRandom: false
  -repository: App\Repository\PostRepository {#7895 …}
  -cache: Symfony\Component\Cache\Adapter\TraceableTagAwareAdapter {#600 …}
  -twig: Twig\Environment {#1252 …}
  -requestStack: Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\RequestStack {#1328 …}
  -mentionManager: App\Service\MentionManager {#390 …}
}
related_entries App\Twig\Components\RelatedEntriesComponent 14.0 MiB 20.84 ms
Input props 
[
  "magazine" => "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
  "tag" => null
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\RelatedEntriesComponent {#13082
  +limit: 4
  +tag: null
  +magazine: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
  +type: "magazine"
  +entry: null
  +title: "related_entries"
  +refreshedRandom: false
  -repository: App\Repository\EntryRepository {#271 …}
  -cache: Symfony\Component\Cache\Adapter\TraceableTagAwareAdapter {#600 …}
  -twig: Twig\Environment {#1252 …}
  -requestStack: Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\RequestStack {#1328 …}
  -mentionManager: App\Service\MentionManager {#390 …}
}
support_us_block App\Twig\Components\SupportUsBlock 14.0 MiB 0.24 ms
Input props 
[]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\SupportUsBlock {#9909
  +subject: ? App\Entity\Contracts\VotableInterface
  +url: ? string
  -twig: Twig\Environment {#1252 …}
  -cache: Symfony\Component\Cache\Adapter\TraceableTagAwareAdapter {#600 …}
  -requestStack: Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\RequestStack {#1328 …}
  -partnerBlockRepository: App\Repository\PartnerBlockRepository {#9862 …}
}
featured_magazines App\Twig\Components\FeaturedMagazinesComponent 14.0 MiB 0.76 ms
Input props 
[
  "magazine" => App\Entity\Magazine {#266
    +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#247 …}
    +name: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +title: "askelectronics"
    +description: """
      **For questions about component-level electronic circuits, tools and equipment.**\n
      \n
      Rules\n
      -----\n
      \n
      1: Be nice.\n
      \n
      2: Be on-topic (eg: *Electronic*, not *electrical*).\n
      \n
      3: No commercial stuff, buying, selling or valuations.\n
      \n
      4: Be safe.\n
      \n
      ---
      """
    +rules: null
    +subscriptionsCount: 1
    +entryCount: 154
    +entryCommentCount: 1230
    +postCount: 1
    +postCommentCount: 4
    +isAdult: false
    +customCss: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1729413608 {#276
      date: 2024-10-20 10:40:08.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +tags: null
    +moderators: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#238 …}
    +ownershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#234 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#223 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#181 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#139 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#201 …}
    +bans: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#118 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#104 …}
    +badges: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#82 …}
    +logs: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#72 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#61 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1820 …}
    -id: 11
    +apId: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apProfileId: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics"
    +apFollowersUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics/followers"
    +apInboxUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/inbox"
    +apDomain: "discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apPreferredUsername: "askelectronics"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: null
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1727247714 {#270
      date: 2024-09-25 09:01:54.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1687144409 {#272
      date: 2023-06-19 05:13:29.0 +02:00
    }
  }
]
Attributes 
[]
Component 
App\Twig\Components\FeaturedMagazinesComponent {#12340
  +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#266
    +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#247 …}
    +name: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +title: "askelectronics"
    +description: """
      **For questions about component-level electronic circuits, tools and equipment.**\n
      \n
      Rules\n
      -----\n
      \n
      1: Be nice.\n
      \n
      2: Be on-topic (eg: *Electronic*, not *electrical*).\n
      \n
      3: No commercial stuff, buying, selling or valuations.\n
      \n
      4: Be safe.\n
      \n
      ---
      """
    +rules: null
    +subscriptionsCount: 1
    +entryCount: 154
    +entryCommentCount: 1230
    +postCount: 1
    +postCommentCount: 4
    +isAdult: false
    +customCss: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1729413608 {#276
      date: 2024-10-20 10:40:08.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +tags: null
    +moderators: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#238 …}
    +ownershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#234 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#223 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#181 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#139 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#201 …}
    +bans: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#118 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#104 …}
    +badges: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#82 …}
    +logs: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#72 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#61 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1820 …}
    -id: 11
    +apId: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apProfileId: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics"
    +apFollowersUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics/followers"
    +apInboxUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/inbox"
    +apDomain: "discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apPreferredUsername: "askelectronics"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: null
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1727247714 {#270
      date: 2024-09-25 09:01:54.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1687144409 {#272
      date: 2023-06-19 05:13:29.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  -twig: Twig\Environment {#1252 …}
  -repository: App\Repository\MagazineRepository {#334 …}
}