GET https://kbin.spritesserver.nl/m/askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de/t/3339/How-should-I-get-started

Components

24 Twig Components
170 Render Count
325 ms Render Time
16.0 MiB Memory Usage

Components

Name Metadata Render Count Render Time
date
"App\Twig\Components\DateComponent"
components/date.html.twig
19 3.09ms
user_inline
"App\Twig\Components\UserInlineComponent"
components/user_inline.html.twig
18 7.30ms
date_edited
"App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent"
components/date_edited.html.twig
17 5.71ms
vote
"App\Twig\Components\VoteComponent"
components/vote.html.twig
17 9.01ms
boost
"App\Twig\Components\BoostComponent"
components/boost.html.twig
17 14.64ms
entry_comment
"App\Twig\Components\EntryCommentComponent"
components/entry_comment.html.twig
16 500.45ms
user_avatar
"App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent"
components/user_avatar.html.twig
16 9.07ms
entry_comments_nested
"App\Twig\Components\EntryCommentsNestedComponent"
components/_cached.html.twig
16 288.13ms
settings_row_switch
"App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent"
components/_settings_row_switch.html.twig
15 2.96ms
user_settings_row_switch
"App\Twig\Components\UserSettingsRowSwitchComponent"
components/_user_settings_row_switch.html.twig
4 0.75ms
settings_row_enum
"App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowEnumComponent"
components/_settings_row_enum.html.twig
2 0.45ms
entry
"App\Twig\Components\EntryComponent"
components/_cached.html.twig
1 7.01ms
entries_cross
"App\Twig\Components\EntriesCrossComponent"
components/_cached.html.twig
1 47.74ms
editor_toolbar
"App\Twig\Components\EditorToolbarComponent"
components/editor_toolbar.html.twig
1 0.23ms
user_actions
"App\Twig\Components\UserActionsComponent"
components/user_actions.html.twig
1 1.02ms
magazine_box
"App\Twig\Components\MagazineBoxComponent"
components/magazine_box.html.twig
1 20.01ms
magazine_sub
"App\Twig\Components\MagazineSubComponent"
components/magazine_sub.html.twig
1 3.94ms
related_magazines
"App\Twig\Components\RelatedMagazinesComponent"
components/_cached.html.twig
1 2.28ms
active_users
"App\Twig\Components\ActiveUsersComponent"
components/_cached.html.twig
1 0.27ms
related_categories
"App\Twig\Components\RelatedCategoriesComponent"
components/_cached.html.twig
1 1.34ms
related_posts
"App\Twig\Components\RelatedPostsComponent"
components/_cached.html.twig
1 3.14ms
related_entries
"App\Twig\Components\RelatedEntriesComponent"
components/_cached.html.twig
1 7.64ms
support_us_block
"App\Twig\Components\SupportUsBlock"
components/_cached.html.twig
1 0.19ms
featured_magazines
"App\Twig\Components\FeaturedMagazinesComponent"
components/_cached.html.twig
1 0.76ms

Render calls

entry App\Twig\Components\EntryComponent 12.0 MiB 7.01 ms
Input props
[
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      +addMentionsPosts: true
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      +isBot: false
      +spamProtection: true
      +customCss: null
      +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
      +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1632 …}
      +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1406 …}
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      +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1710 …}
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      +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1696647047 {#1515
        date: 2023-10-07 04:50:47.0 +02:00
      }
      +__isInitialized__: true
       …2
    }
    +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#266
      +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#247 …}
      +name: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
      +title: "askelectronics"
      +description: """
        **For questions about component-level electronic circuits, tools and equipment.**\n
        \n
        Rules\n
        -----\n
        \n
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        \n
        2: Be on-topic (eg: *Electronic*, not *electrical*).\n
        \n
        3: No commercial stuff, buying, selling or valuations.\n
        \n
        4: Be safe.\n
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      +entryCommentCount: 1230
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        date: 2024-10-20 10:40:08.0 +02:00
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      +tags: null
      +moderators: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#238 …}
      +ownershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#234 …}
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    +image: null
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    +url: null
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    }
  }
  "isSingle" => true
  "showShortSentence" => false
  "showBody" => true
]
Attributes
[
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]
Component
App\Twig\Components\EntryComponent {#2959
  -authorizationChecker: Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authorization\AuthorizationChecker {#931 …}
  -newCommentMarkerCount: App\Kbin\NewCommentMarker\NewCommentMarkerCount {#2960 …}
  -cache: Symfony\Component\Cache\Adapter\TraceableTagAwareAdapter {#600 …}
  -twig: Twig\Environment {#1252 …}
  -requestStack: Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\RequestStack {#1328 …}
  -security: Symfony\Bundle\SecurityBundle\Security {#1101 …}
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    +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1943
      +avatar: null
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      +email: "AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
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        `they/them`\n
        \n
        A backend developer mainly using Rust, though I’ve been messing around with JVM languages as of late. I play lots of video games too :)\n
        \n
        Mastodon: [@azzydev@tech.lgbt](https://tech.lgbt/users/azzydev)Matrix: [@azzydev:hackliberty.org](https://matrix.to/#/@azzydev:hackliberty.org)
        """
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      +spamProtection: true
      +customCss: null
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      +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1632 …}
      +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1406 …}
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      +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1710 …}
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      +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1461 …}
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      +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1690 …}
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       …2
    }
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      +name: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
      +title: "askelectronics"
      +description: """
        **For questions about component-level electronic circuits, tools and equipment.**\n
        \n
        Rules\n
        -----\n
        \n
        1: Be nice.\n
        \n
        2: Be on-topic (eg: *Electronic*, not *electrical*).\n
        \n
        3: No commercial stuff, buying, selling or valuations.\n
        \n
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    +image: null
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}
user_inline App\Twig\Components\UserInlineComponent 12.0 MiB 0.26 ms
Input props
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      `they/them`\n
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      A backend developer mainly using Rust, though I’ve been messing around with JVM languages as of late. I play lots of video games too :)\n
      \n
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Attributes
[]
Component
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      The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
      \n
      **Some useful resources:**\n
      \n
      1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
      2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
      3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
      4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
      5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
      6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
      \n
      **List of initial things to learn:**\n
      \n
      1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
      2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
      3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
      4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
      5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
      6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
      7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
      \n
      **Tools to buy:**\n
      \n
      1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
      2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
      3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
      4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
      5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
      \n
      **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
      \n
      1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
      2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
      3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
      \n
      **Other Stuff**:\n
      \n
      1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
      2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
      3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
      4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
      \n
      Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
      """
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      The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
      \n
      **Some useful resources:**\n
      \n
      1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
      2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
      3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
      4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
      5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
      6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
      \n
      **List of initial things to learn:**\n
      \n
      1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
      2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
      3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
      4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
      5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
      6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
      7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
      \n
      **Tools to buy:**\n
      \n
      1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
      2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
      3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
      4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
      5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
      \n
      **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
      \n
      1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
      2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
      3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
      \n
      **Other Stuff**:\n
      \n
      1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
      2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
      3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
      4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
      \n
      Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
      """
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    +ranking: 0
    +commentCount: 0
    +upVotes: 0
    +downVotes: 0
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    +editedAt: DateTimeImmutable @1696818302 {#3961
      date: 2023-10-09 04:25:02.0 +02:00
    }
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1696817533 {#4024
      date: 2023-10-09 04:12:13.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  +showMagazineName: false
  +showEntryTitle: false
  +showNested: true
  +level: 1
  +canSeeTrash: false
  +dateAsUrl: false
  -requestStack: Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\RequestStack {#1328 …}
  -authorizationChecker: Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authorization\AuthorizationChecker {#931 …}
}
user_inline App\Twig\Components\UserInlineComponent 12.0 MiB 0.16 ms
Input props
[
  "user" => App\Entity\User {#3963
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "Saigonauticon@voltage.vn"
    +username: "@Saigonauticon@voltage.vn"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1703981706 {#4020
      date: 2023-12-31 01:15:06.0 +01:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
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    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: true
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: false
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
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    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3964 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3966 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3959 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3957 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3954 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3952 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3950 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3947 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3945 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3943 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3940 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3938 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3936 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4078 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4071 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4061 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4050 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4023 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4081 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4077 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4075 …}
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    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4063 …}
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    -totpSecret: null
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    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4062 …}
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    +apDiscoverable: true
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    +privateKey: null
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    +apDeletedAt: null
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    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1686890246 {#4017
      date: 2023-06-16 06:37:26.0 +02:00
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  "showAvatar" => false
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\UserInlineComponent {#4667
  +user: App\Entity\User {#3963
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "Saigonauticon@voltage.vn"
    +username: "@Saigonauticon@voltage.vn"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1703981706 {#4020
      date: 2023-12-31 01:15:06.0 +01:00
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    +markedForDeletionAt: null
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    +featuredMagazines: null
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    +markNewComments: false
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    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
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    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3964 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3966 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3959 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3957 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3954 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3952 …}
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    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3945 …}
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    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4077 …}
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    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4063 …}
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    -totpSecret: null
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    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4062 …}
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    +privateKey: null
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      date: 2024-03-04 21:32:16.0 +01:00
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    +apDeletedAt: null
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    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1686890246 {#4017
      date: 2023-06-16 06:37:26.0 +02:00
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}
date App\Twig\Components\DateComponent 12.0 MiB 0.14 ms
Input props
[
  "date" => DateTimeImmutable @1696817533 {#4024
    date: 2023-10-09 04:12:13.0 +02:00
  }
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\DateComponent {#4722
  +date: DateTimeImmutable @1696817533 {#4024
    date: 2023-10-09 04:12:13.0 +02:00
  }
}
date_edited App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent 12.0 MiB 0.37 ms
Input props
[
  "createdAt" => DateTimeImmutable @1696817533 {#4024
    date: 2023-10-09 04:12:13.0 +02:00
  }
  "editedAt" => DateTimeImmutable @1696818302 {#3961
    date: 2023-10-09 04:25:02.0 +02:00
  }
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent {#4776
  +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1696817533 {#4024
    date: 2023-10-09 04:12:13.0 +02:00
  }
  +editedAt: DateTimeImmutable @1696818302 {#3961
    date: 2023-10-09 04:25:02.0 +02:00
  }
}
user_avatar App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent 12.0 MiB 0.26 ms
Input props
[
  "user" => App\Entity\User {#3963
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "Saigonauticon@voltage.vn"
    +username: "@Saigonauticon@voltage.vn"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1703981706 {#4020
      date: 2023-12-31 01:15:06.0 +01:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
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    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
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    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: false
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    +notifyOnNewPostReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: false
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    +addMentionsPosts: true
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    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3964 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3966 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3959 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3957 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3954 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3952 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3950 …}
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    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3945 …}
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    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4061 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4050 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4023 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4081 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4077 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4075 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4074 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4073 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4063 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4066 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4064 …}
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    -password: "$2y$13$UYqaD7bZp4O.OwB02SlMIeKWP1aeHwuKf.UMqd1I/0STqvflxyU5K"
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4062 …}
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    +apPublicUrl: "https://voltage.vn/u/Saigonauticon"
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://voltage.vn/inbox"
    +apDomain: "voltage.vn"
    +apPreferredUsername: "Saigonauticon"
    +apDiscoverable: true
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    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1709584336 {#4018
      date: 2024-03-04 21:32:16.0 +01:00
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    +apDeletedAt: null
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    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1686890246 {#4017
      date: 2023-06-16 06:37:26.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  "width" => 40
  "height" => 40
  "asLink" => true
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent {#4832
  +width: 40
  +height: 40
  +user: App\Entity\User {#3963
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "Saigonauticon@voltage.vn"
    +username: "@Saigonauticon@voltage.vn"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1703981706 {#4020
      date: 2023-12-31 01:15:06.0 +01:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
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    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
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    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3964 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3966 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3959 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3957 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3954 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3952 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3950 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3947 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3945 …}
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    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4063 …}
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    -totpSecret: null
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    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4062 …}
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      date: 2024-03-04 21:32:16.0 +01:00
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    +apDeletedAt: null
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    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1686890246 {#4017
      date: 2023-06-16 06:37:26.0 +02:00
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  }
  +asLink: true
}
vote App\Twig\Components\VoteComponent 12.0 MiB 0.38 ms
Input props
[
  "subject" => App\Entity\EntryComment {#4015
    +user: App\Entity\User {#3963
      +avatar: null
      +cover: null
      +email: "Saigonauticon@voltage.vn"
      +username: "@Saigonauticon@voltage.vn"
      +roles: []
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      +homepage: "front"
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      +lastActive: DateTime @1703981706 {#4020
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      +customCss: null
      +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
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      The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
      \n
      **Some useful resources:**\n
      \n
      1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
      2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
      3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
      4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
      5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
      6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
      \n
      **List of initial things to learn:**\n
      \n
      1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
      2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
      3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
      4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
      5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
      6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
      7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
      \n
      **Tools to buy:**\n
      \n
      1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
      2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
      3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
      4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
      5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
      \n
      **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
      \n
      1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
      2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
      3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
      \n
      **Other Stuff**:\n
      \n
      1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
      2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
      3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
      4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
      \n
      Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
      """
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      The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
      \n
      **Some useful resources:**\n
      \n
      1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
      2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
      3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
      4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
      5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
      6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
      \n
      **List of initial things to learn:**\n
      \n
      1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
      2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
      3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
      4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
      5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
      6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
      7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
      \n
      **Tools to buy:**\n
      \n
      1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
      2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
      3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
      4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
      5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
      \n
      **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
      \n
      1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
      2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
      3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
      \n
      **Other Stuff**:\n
      \n
      1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
      2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
      3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
      4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
      \n
      Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
      """
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    +body: """
      The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
      \n
      **Some useful resources:**\n
      \n
      1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
      2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
      3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
      4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
      5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
      6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
      \n
      **List of initial things to learn:**\n
      \n
      1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
      2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
      3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
      4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
      5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
      6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
      7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
      \n
      **Tools to buy:**\n
      \n
      1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
      2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
      3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
      4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
      5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
      \n
      **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
      \n
      1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
      2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
      3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
      \n
      **Other Stuff**:\n
      \n
      1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
      2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
      3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
      4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
      \n
      Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
      """
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      The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
      \n
      **Some useful resources:**\n
      \n
      1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
      2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
      3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
      4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
      5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
      6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
      \n
      **List of initial things to learn:**\n
      \n
      1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
      2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
      3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
      4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
      5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
      6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
      7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
      \n
      **Tools to buy:**\n
      \n
      1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
      2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
      3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
      4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
      5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
      \n
      **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
      \n
      1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
      2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
      3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
      \n
      **Other Stuff**:\n
      \n
      1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
      2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
      3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
      4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
      \n
      Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
      """
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      The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
      \n
      **Some useful resources:**\n
      \n
      1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
      2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
      3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
      4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
      5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
      6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
      \n
      **List of initial things to learn:**\n
      \n
      1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
      2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
      3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
      4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
      5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
      6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
      7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
      \n
      **Tools to buy:**\n
      \n
      1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
      2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
      3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
      4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
      5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
      \n
      **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
      \n
      1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
      2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
      3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
      \n
      **Other Stuff**:\n
      \n
      1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
      2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
      3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
      4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
      \n
      Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
      """
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      The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
      \n
      **Some useful resources:**\n
      \n
      1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
      2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
      3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
      4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
      5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
      6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
      \n
      **List of initial things to learn:**\n
      \n
      1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
      2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
      3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
      4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
      5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
      6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
      7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
      \n
      **Tools to buy:**\n
      \n
      1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
      2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
      3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
      4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
      5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
      \n
      **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
      \n
      1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
      2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
      3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
      \n
      **Other Stuff**:\n
      \n
      1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
      2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
      3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
      4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
      \n
      Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
      """
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          +body: "Oh wow! this is a lot of great detail! is Rust at all useful for embedded applications, or am i essentially restricted to C/C++? Is Adafruit also a good resource or not as much as the others? Also, besides the obvious differences in form factor and ease of use, what’s the objective difference between the RP2040 *chip,* and, for example, Sparkfun’s “Pro Micro” or “Thing Plus”, or is the ease-of-use *by itself* the main selling point?"
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        +body: """
          There are a lot of differences, but I’ll try and go over the high level ones. The RP2040 is a chip, and the others are boards – so I’ll compare the chips on them.\n
          \n
          The RP2040 chip is *really powerful* overall, and does some odd things with I/O that let you do a bunch of very fast, precise things. You also get a lot of I/O pins and they are very well-behaved. The main advantage though is that it works well in both Python and C++, and is well-supported.\n
          \n
          The ESP32 based board (Thing Plus) has integrated WiFi. The ESP32 is a great chip, I use it a lot, but it has some unfortunate quirks. First, it has a very high clock speed and decent memory, making it quite powerful. However, if you glitch out the network stack via your code, it can have some problems with unexpected resets. This was much worse with the earlier-generation ESP8266. Secondly, the I/O work much more slowly than the system clock (if I recall correctly), and they are picky about what state they have on startup – some go high as part of the boot process, others must be high or low on boot but can be used after. This is actually quite a pain sometimes. It’s a great chip overall though and works well in C++.\n
          \n
          The Pro Micro uses an ATMEGA32 chip. I’m a huge AVR fan so I don’t have many bad things to say, I like it a lot. It is much slower than the other two chips though, and has less memory. Probably it’s best to use C++, but you ought to be able to use Assembly too if you like. The I/O on AVRs are really well-behaved and usually operate at the same speed as the chip, which is nice when you need precise timing! The best thing about it though, is it can use much less power than the other two options, if you use the sleep modes right. So you can build neat battery-powered applications. Finally AVRs have *excellent* datasheets – there’s rarely any ambiguity on exactly how any system on the chip works.\n
          \n
          Overall, I’d choose an RP2040 board if I wanted to use Python and do IoT/Robots/whatever (you can buy boards with or without WiFi), an ESP32 based board if I wanted to do IoT stuff in C++, and the Pro Micro if I wanted to do low-level, low power embedded stuff in C++ or assembly (and maybe branch out into other AVR chips). The C++ options mean you can use the Arduino IDE and their libraries.
          """
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      +body: """
        Holy shit (sorry)! You really know your stuff, or at the very least, I don’t know my stuff! I’ll keep in mind the stuff you said about the ESP32 and the ATMEGA, but I was more so referring to the editions of those dev boards that use the RP2040!\n
        \n
        [www.sparkfun.com/products/18288](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/18288)[www.sparkfun.com/products/17745](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/17745)\n
        \n
        After reading a bit more, it seems that *pretty much* the only difference is the IO and other supporting hardware besides just the chips. If someone (me) were working on a project where solutions like these particularly-powerful microcontrollers are required, when would it make more sense to use one of these pre-made boards for computing rather than making your own PCB designs including the chip? Is it mostly for projects where extremely compact form factors (and/or other shenanigans) aren’t necessary?
        """
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      +body: """
        Glad to help :)\n
        \n
        Besides the I/O and supporting hardware, the clock speed is wildly different between these 3 chips – that’s worth considering. By that metric, the ATMEGA based designs are the slowest by far – although somewhat faster than you’d estimate since they usually operate 1 instruction per clock cycle, whereas the other chips are a few clock cycles per instruction (they are still way faster than the ATMEGA line though).\n
        \n
        Regarding pre-made boards vs. your own? I think there are three things to consider:\n
        \n
        1. Pre-made boards are awesome for prototyping. Making sure the damn thing will work (feature-complete) before designing your own board is a good idea. Then, make your first board with all features added in (this is important), but expect to iterate at least once (make revisions and order boards a second time). There’s no such thing as premature optimization in hardware design – it’s not like software where you can just design the core of an application and then build features as you go. This is why always designing prototypes to be feature-complete is a good workflow, and generic development boards are a good starting point for this.\n
        2. Designing your own board is really easy for AVRs. I do this all the time, lately with the Attiny10. Honestly there are a ton of AVR chips out there, and not all of them have affordable / popular development boards, so often it’s worth making your own for use in item 1 above (…really you just need at minimum power and a header to break out the pins for ISP programming). Then when you want to make your final widget, you just expand your development board design, which lets you make a really miniaturized and streamlined thing! You will need an ISP programmer though, like the AVR-ICE (which has a nasty but minor bug in the design – ping me before buying one and I’ll save you 2 days of headaches setting up).\n
        3. A neat trick is to design your own boards *and still use a dev board* (so making your own boards and buying premade dev boards *are not mutually exclusive options*). This is especially useful with the Pi Pico and ESP32 (where making a dev board is less beginner-friendly) – a cheatcode is “castellated mounting holes”. These let you solder (for example) a Pi Pico dev board directly to your own design as a surface-mount component. You can do this by just adding a socket and using header pins too, but SMT + castellated mounting holes lets you keep the design small and reliable.\n
        \n
        BTW when designing your own boards, committing to SMT parts (where possible) early on is one of the things I’m really glad I did. You don’t need much tooling to do it. Just a solder paste syringe, a toothpick or pin, some tweezers, and a hot air rework station (included in some soldering stations). Even 0402 parts (about the size of two grains of salt) are pretty easy to do by hand. It’s amazing the level of miniaturization that you can achieve these days this way, as a private individual with a very modest budget!\n
        \n
        Finally, the Arduino products are generally very good dev boards, whether or not you’re using the Arduino IDE (you can still program them ASM or non-Arduino C++). So for any chip that an Arduino exists for, it’s an excellent starting point – although you may want to design your own board one day to remove unnecessary stuff if it comes out cheaper and you go through a lot of them, or just for the experience.
        """
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        A backend developer mainly using Rust, though I’ve been messing around with JVM languages as of late. I play lots of video games too :)\n
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        The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
        \n
        **Some useful resources:**\n
        \n
        1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
        2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
        3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
        4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
        5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
        6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
        \n
        **List of initial things to learn:**\n
        \n
        1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
        2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
        3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
        4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
        5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
        6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
        7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
        \n
        **Tools to buy:**\n
        \n
        1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
        2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
        3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
        4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
        5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
        \n
        **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
        \n
        1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
        2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
        3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
        \n
        **Other Stuff**:\n
        \n
        1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
        2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
        3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
        4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
        \n
        Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
        """
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    +body: "Oh wow! this is a lot of great detail! is Rust at all useful for embedded applications, or am i essentially restricted to C/C++? Is Adafruit also a good resource or not as much as the others? Also, besides the obvious differences in form factor and ease of use, what’s the objective difference between the RP2040 *chip,* and, for example, Sparkfun’s “Pro Micro” or “Thing Plus”, or is the ease-of-use *by itself* the main selling point?"
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        The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
        \n
        **Some useful resources:**\n
        \n
        1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
        2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
        3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
        4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
        5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
        6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
        \n
        **List of initial things to learn:**\n
        \n
        1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
        2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
        3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
        4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
        5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
        6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
        7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
        \n
        **Tools to buy:**\n
        \n
        1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
        2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
        3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
        4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
        5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
        \n
        **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
        \n
        1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
        2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
        3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
        \n
        **Other Stuff**:\n
        \n
        1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
        2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
        3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
        4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
        \n
        Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
        """
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        The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
        \n
        **Some useful resources:**\n
        \n
        1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
        2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
        3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
        4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
        5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
        6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
        \n
        **List of initial things to learn:**\n
        \n
        1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
        2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
        3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
        4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
        5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
        6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
        7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
        \n
        **Tools to buy:**\n
        \n
        1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
        2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
        3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
        4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
        5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
        \n
        **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
        \n
        1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
        2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
        3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
        \n
        **Other Stuff**:\n
        \n
        1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
        2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
        3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
        4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
        \n
        Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
        """
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        The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
        \n
        **Some useful resources:**\n
        \n
        1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
        2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
        3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
        4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
        5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
        6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
        \n
        **List of initial things to learn:**\n
        \n
        1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
        2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
        3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
        4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
        5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
        6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
        7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
        \n
        **Tools to buy:**\n
        \n
        1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
        2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
        3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
        4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
        5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
        \n
        **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
        \n
        1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
        2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
        3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
        \n
        **Other Stuff**:\n
        \n
        1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
        2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
        3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
        4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
        \n
        Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
        """
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    +body: "Oh wow! this is a lot of great detail! is Rust at all useful for embedded applications, or am i essentially restricted to C/C++? Is Adafruit also a good resource or not as much as the others? Also, besides the obvious differences in form factor and ease of use, what’s the objective difference between the RP2040 *chip,* and, for example, Sparkfun’s “Pro Micro” or “Thing Plus”, or is the ease-of-use *by itself* the main selling point?"
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        The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
        \n
        **Some useful resources:**\n
        \n
        1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
        2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
        3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
        4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
        5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
        6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
        \n
        **List of initial things to learn:**\n
        \n
        1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
        2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
        3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
        4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
        5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
        6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
        7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
        \n
        **Tools to buy:**\n
        \n
        1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
        2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
        3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
        4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
        5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
        \n
        **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
        \n
        1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
        2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
        3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
        \n
        **Other Stuff**:\n
        \n
        1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
        2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
        3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
        4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
        \n
        Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
        """
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    +body: "Oh wow! this is a lot of great detail! is Rust at all useful for embedded applications, or am i essentially restricted to C/C++? Is Adafruit also a good resource or not as much as the others? Also, besides the obvious differences in form factor and ease of use, what’s the objective difference between the RP2040 *chip,* and, for example, Sparkfun’s “Pro Micro” or “Thing Plus”, or is the ease-of-use *by itself* the main selling point?"
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        The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
        \n
        **Some useful resources:**\n
        \n
        1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
        2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
        3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
        4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
        5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
        6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
        \n
        **List of initial things to learn:**\n
        \n
        1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
        2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
        3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
        4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
        5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
        6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
        7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
        \n
        **Tools to buy:**\n
        \n
        1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
        2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
        3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
        4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
        5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
        \n
        **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
        \n
        1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
        2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
        3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
        \n
        **Other Stuff**:\n
        \n
        1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
        2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
        3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
        4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
        \n
        Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
        """
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        The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
        \n
        **Some useful resources:**\n
        \n
        1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
        2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
        3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
        4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
        5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
        6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
        \n
        **List of initial things to learn:**\n
        \n
        1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
        2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
        3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
        4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
        5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
        6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
        7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
        \n
        **Tools to buy:**\n
        \n
        1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
        2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
        3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
        4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
        5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
        \n
        **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
        \n
        1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
        2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
        3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
        \n
        **Other Stuff**:\n
        \n
        1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
        2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
        3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
        4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
        \n
        Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
        """
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        The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
        \n
        **Some useful resources:**\n
        \n
        1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
        2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
        3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
        4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
        5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
        6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
        \n
        **List of initial things to learn:**\n
        \n
        1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
        2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
        3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
        4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
        5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
        6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
        7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
        \n
        **Tools to buy:**\n
        \n
        1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
        2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
        3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
        4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
        5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
        \n
        **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
        \n
        1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
        2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
        3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
        \n
        **Other Stuff**:\n
        \n
        1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
        2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
        3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
        4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
        \n
        Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
        """
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    +body: "Oh wow! this is a lot of great detail! is Rust at all useful for embedded applications, or am i essentially restricted to C/C++? Is Adafruit also a good resource or not as much as the others? Also, besides the obvious differences in form factor and ease of use, what’s the objective difference between the RP2040 *chip,* and, for example, Sparkfun’s “Pro Micro” or “Thing Plus”, or is the ease-of-use *by itself* the main selling point?"
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      +body: "Hello y’all! I’ve always been interested in computers and programming for as long as i can remember, but recently i’ve decided to try to get into some of the deeper stuff behind that, into the wonderful world of electronics. Where should I start? What courses or books or youtube series should I consume? What are some high-quality forums, communities, blogs, etc. to learn from?"
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          The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
          \n
          **Some useful resources:**\n
          \n
          1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
          2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
          3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
          4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
          5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
          6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
          \n
          **List of initial things to learn:**\n
          \n
          1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
          2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
          3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
          4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
          5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
          6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
          7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
          \n
          **Tools to buy:**\n
          \n
          1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
          2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
          3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
          4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
          5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
          \n
          **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
          \n
          1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
          2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
          3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
          \n
          **Other Stuff**:\n
          \n
          1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
          2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
          3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
          4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
          \n
          Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
          """
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      +body: "Oh wow! this is a lot of great detail! is Rust at all useful for embedded applications, or am i essentially restricted to C/C++? Is Adafruit also a good resource or not as much as the others? Also, besides the obvious differences in form factor and ease of use, what’s the objective difference between the RP2040 *chip,* and, for example, Sparkfun’s “Pro Micro” or “Thing Plus”, or is the ease-of-use *by itself* the main selling point?"
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      There are a lot of differences, but I’ll try and go over the high level ones. The RP2040 is a chip, and the others are boards – so I’ll compare the chips on them.\n
      \n
      The RP2040 chip is *really powerful* overall, and does some odd things with I/O that let you do a bunch of very fast, precise things. You also get a lot of I/O pins and they are very well-behaved. The main advantage though is that it works well in both Python and C++, and is well-supported.\n
      \n
      The ESP32 based board (Thing Plus) has integrated WiFi. The ESP32 is a great chip, I use it a lot, but it has some unfortunate quirks. First, it has a very high clock speed and decent memory, making it quite powerful. However, if you glitch out the network stack via your code, it can have some problems with unexpected resets. This was much worse with the earlier-generation ESP8266. Secondly, the I/O work much more slowly than the system clock (if I recall correctly), and they are picky about what state they have on startup – some go high as part of the boot process, others must be high or low on boot but can be used after. This is actually quite a pain sometimes. It’s a great chip overall though and works well in C++.\n
      \n
      The Pro Micro uses an ATMEGA32 chip. I’m a huge AVR fan so I don’t have many bad things to say, I like it a lot. It is much slower than the other two chips though, and has less memory. Probably it’s best to use C++, but you ought to be able to use Assembly too if you like. The I/O on AVRs are really well-behaved and usually operate at the same speed as the chip, which is nice when you need precise timing! The best thing about it though, is it can use much less power than the other two options, if you use the sleep modes right. So you can build neat battery-powered applications. Finally AVRs have *excellent* datasheets – there’s rarely any ambiguity on exactly how any system on the chip works.\n
      \n
      Overall, I’d choose an RP2040 board if I wanted to use Python and do IoT/Robots/whatever (you can buy boards with or without WiFi), an ESP32 based board if I wanted to do IoT stuff in C++, and the Pro Micro if I wanted to do low-level, low power embedded stuff in C++ or assembly (and maybe branch out into other AVR chips). The C++ options mean you can use the Arduino IDE and their libraries.
      """
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          The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
          \n
          **Some useful resources:**\n
          \n
          1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
          2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
          3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
          4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
          5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
          6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
          \n
          **List of initial things to learn:**\n
          \n
          1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
          2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
          3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
          4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
          5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
          6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
          7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
          \n
          **Tools to buy:**\n
          \n
          1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
          2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
          3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
          4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
          5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
          \n
          **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
          \n
          1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
          2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
          3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
          \n
          **Other Stuff**:\n
          \n
          1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
          2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
          3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
          4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
          \n
          Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
          """
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      +body: "Oh wow! this is a lot of great detail! is Rust at all useful for embedded applications, or am i essentially restricted to C/C++? Is Adafruit also a good resource or not as much as the others? Also, besides the obvious differences in form factor and ease of use, what’s the objective difference between the RP2040 *chip,* and, for example, Sparkfun’s “Pro Micro” or “Thing Plus”, or is the ease-of-use *by itself* the main selling point?"
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      There are a lot of differences, but I’ll try and go over the high level ones. The RP2040 is a chip, and the others are boards – so I’ll compare the chips on them.\n
      \n
      The RP2040 chip is *really powerful* overall, and does some odd things with I/O that let you do a bunch of very fast, precise things. You also get a lot of I/O pins and they are very well-behaved. The main advantage though is that it works well in both Python and C++, and is well-supported.\n
      \n
      The ESP32 based board (Thing Plus) has integrated WiFi. The ESP32 is a great chip, I use it a lot, but it has some unfortunate quirks. First, it has a very high clock speed and decent memory, making it quite powerful. However, if you glitch out the network stack via your code, it can have some problems with unexpected resets. This was much worse with the earlier-generation ESP8266. Secondly, the I/O work much more slowly than the system clock (if I recall correctly), and they are picky about what state they have on startup – some go high as part of the boot process, others must be high or low on boot but can be used after. This is actually quite a pain sometimes. It’s a great chip overall though and works well in C++.\n
      \n
      The Pro Micro uses an ATMEGA32 chip. I’m a huge AVR fan so I don’t have many bad things to say, I like it a lot. It is much slower than the other two chips though, and has less memory. Probably it’s best to use C++, but you ought to be able to use Assembly too if you like. The I/O on AVRs are really well-behaved and usually operate at the same speed as the chip, which is nice when you need precise timing! The best thing about it though, is it can use much less power than the other two options, if you use the sleep modes right. So you can build neat battery-powered applications. Finally AVRs have *excellent* datasheets – there’s rarely any ambiguity on exactly how any system on the chip works.\n
      \n
      Overall, I’d choose an RP2040 board if I wanted to use Python and do IoT/Robots/whatever (you can buy boards with or without WiFi), an ESP32 based board if I wanted to do IoT stuff in C++, and the Pro Micro if I wanted to do low-level, low power embedded stuff in C++ or assembly (and maybe branch out into other AVR chips). The C++ options mean you can use the Arduino IDE and their libraries.
      """
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      date: 2023-12-31 01:15:06.0 +01:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: true
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: false
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
    +isVerified: false
    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3964 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3966 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3959 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3957 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3954 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3952 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3950 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3947 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3945 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3943 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3940 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3938 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3936 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4078 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4071 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4061 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4050 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4023 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4081 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4077 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4075 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4074 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4073 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4063 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4066 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4064 …}
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    -password: "$2y$13$UYqaD7bZp4O.OwB02SlMIeKWP1aeHwuKf.UMqd1I/0STqvflxyU5K"
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4062 …}
    +apId: "Saigonauticon@voltage.vn"
    +apProfileId: "https://voltage.vn/u/Saigonauticon"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://voltage.vn/u/Saigonauticon"
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://voltage.vn/inbox"
    +apDomain: "voltage.vn"
    +apPreferredUsername: "Saigonauticon"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1709584336 {#4018
      date: 2024-03-04 21:32:16.0 +01:00
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    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1686890246 {#4017
      date: 2023-06-16 06:37:26.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  "showAvatar" => false
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\UserInlineComponent {#6248
  +user: App\Entity\User {#3963
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "Saigonauticon@voltage.vn"
    +username: "@Saigonauticon@voltage.vn"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1703981706 {#4020
      date: 2023-12-31 01:15:06.0 +01:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: true
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: false
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
    +isVerified: false
    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3964 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3966 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3959 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3957 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3954 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3952 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3950 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3947 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3945 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3943 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3940 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3938 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3936 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4078 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4071 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4061 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4050 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4023 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4081 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4077 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4075 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4074 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4073 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4063 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4066 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4064 …}
    -id: 269
    -password: "$2y$13$UYqaD7bZp4O.OwB02SlMIeKWP1aeHwuKf.UMqd1I/0STqvflxyU5K"
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4062 …}
    +apId: "Saigonauticon@voltage.vn"
    +apProfileId: "https://voltage.vn/u/Saigonauticon"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://voltage.vn/u/Saigonauticon"
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://voltage.vn/inbox"
    +apDomain: "voltage.vn"
    +apPreferredUsername: "Saigonauticon"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1709584336 {#4018
      date: 2024-03-04 21:32:16.0 +01:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1686890246 {#4017
      date: 2023-06-16 06:37:26.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  +showAvatar: false
}
date App\Twig\Components\DateComponent 12.0 MiB 0.15 ms
Input props
[
  "date" => DateTimeImmutable @1697078817 {#4523
    date: 2023-10-12 04:46:57.0 +02:00
  }
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\DateComponent {#6303
  +date: DateTimeImmutable @1697078817 {#4523
    date: 2023-10-12 04:46:57.0 +02:00
  }
}
date_edited App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent 12.0 MiB 0.09 ms
Input props
[
  "createdAt" => DateTimeImmutable @1697078817 {#4523
    date: 2023-10-12 04:46:57.0 +02:00
  }
  "editedAt" => null
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent {#6357
  +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1697078817 {#4523
    date: 2023-10-12 04:46:57.0 +02:00
  }
  +editedAt: null
}
user_avatar App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent 12.0 MiB 0.13 ms
Input props
[
  "user" => App\Entity\User {#3963
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "Saigonauticon@voltage.vn"
    +username: "@Saigonauticon@voltage.vn"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1703981706 {#4020
      date: 2023-12-31 01:15:06.0 +01:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: true
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: false
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
    +isVerified: false
    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3964 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3966 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3959 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3957 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3954 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3952 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3950 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3947 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3945 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3943 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3940 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3938 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3936 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4078 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4071 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4061 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4050 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4023 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4081 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4077 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4075 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4074 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4073 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4063 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4066 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4064 …}
    -id: 269
    -password: "$2y$13$UYqaD7bZp4O.OwB02SlMIeKWP1aeHwuKf.UMqd1I/0STqvflxyU5K"
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4062 …}
    +apId: "Saigonauticon@voltage.vn"
    +apProfileId: "https://voltage.vn/u/Saigonauticon"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://voltage.vn/u/Saigonauticon"
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://voltage.vn/inbox"
    +apDomain: "voltage.vn"
    +apPreferredUsername: "Saigonauticon"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1709584336 {#4018
      date: 2024-03-04 21:32:16.0 +01:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1686890246 {#4017
      date: 2023-06-16 06:37:26.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  "width" => 40
  "height" => 40
  "asLink" => true
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent {#6411
  +width: 40
  +height: 40
  +user: App\Entity\User {#3963
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "Saigonauticon@voltage.vn"
    +username: "@Saigonauticon@voltage.vn"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1703981706 {#4020
      date: 2023-12-31 01:15:06.0 +01:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: true
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: false
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    +notifyOnNewPostReply: false
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    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
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    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3964 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3966 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3959 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3957 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3954 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3952 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3950 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3947 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3945 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3943 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3940 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3938 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3936 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4078 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4071 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4061 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4050 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4023 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4081 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4077 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4075 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4074 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4073 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4063 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4066 …}
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    -id: 269
    -password: "$2y$13$UYqaD7bZp4O.OwB02SlMIeKWP1aeHwuKf.UMqd1I/0STqvflxyU5K"
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4062 …}
    +apId: "Saigonauticon@voltage.vn"
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    +apPublicUrl: "https://voltage.vn/u/Saigonauticon"
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://voltage.vn/inbox"
    +apDomain: "voltage.vn"
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    +apDiscoverable: true
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    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1709584336 {#4018
      date: 2024-03-04 21:32:16.0 +01:00
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    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1686890246 {#4017
      date: 2023-06-16 06:37:26.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  +asLink: true
}
vote App\Twig\Components\VoteComponent 12.0 MiB 0.59 ms
Input props
[
  "subject" => App\Entity\EntryComment {#4524
    +user: App\Entity\User {#3963
      +avatar: null
      +cover: null
      +email: "Saigonauticon@voltage.vn"
      +username: "@Saigonauticon@voltage.vn"
      +roles: []
      +followersCount: 0
      +homepage: "front"
      +about: null
      +lastActive: DateTime @1703981706 {#4020
        date: 2023-12-31 01:15:06.0 +01:00
      }
      +markedForDeletionAt: null
      +fields: null
      +oauthGithubId: null
      +oauthGoogleId: null
      +oauthFacebookId: null
      +oauthKeycloakId: null
      +hideAdult: true
      +showSubscribedUsers: true
      +showSubscribedMagazines: true
      +showSubscribedDomains: true
      +preferredLanguages: []
      +featuredMagazines: null
      +showProfileSubscriptions: true
      +showProfileFollowings: true
      +markNewComments: false
      +notifyOnNewEntry: false
      +notifyOnNewEntryReply: false
      +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: false
      +notifyOnNewPost: false
      +notifyOnNewPostReply: false
      +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: false
      +addMentionsEntries: false
      +addMentionsPosts: true
      +isBanned: false
      +isVerified: false
      +isDeleted: false
      +isBot: false
      +spamProtection: true
      +customCss: null
      +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
      +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3964 …}
      +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3966 …}
      +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3959 …}
      +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3957 …}
      +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3954 …}
      +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3952 …}
      +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3950 …}
      +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3947 …}
      +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3945 …}
      +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3943 …}
      +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3940 …}
      +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3938 …}
      +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3936 …}
      +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4078 …}
      +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4071 …}
      +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4061 …}
      +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4050 …}
      +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4023 …}
      +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4081 …}
      +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4077 …}
      +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4075 …}
      +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4074 …}
      +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4073 …}
      +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4063 …}
      +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4066 …}
      +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4064 …}
      -id: 269
      -password: "$2y$13$UYqaD7bZp4O.OwB02SlMIeKWP1aeHwuKf.UMqd1I/0STqvflxyU5K"
      -totpSecret: null
      -totpBackupCodes: []
      -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4062 …}
      +apId: "Saigonauticon@voltage.vn"
      +apProfileId: "https://voltage.vn/u/Saigonauticon"
      +apPublicUrl: "https://voltage.vn/u/Saigonauticon"
      +apFollowersUrl: null
      +apInboxUrl: "https://voltage.vn/inbox"
      +apDomain: "voltage.vn"
      +apPreferredUsername: "Saigonauticon"
      +apDiscoverable: true
      +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
      +privateKey: null
      +publicKey: null
      +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1709584336 {#4018
        date: 2024-03-04 21:32:16.0 +01:00
      }
      +apDeletedAt: null
      +apTimeoutAt: null
      +visibility: "visible             "
      +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1686890246 {#4017
        date: 2023-06-16 06:37:26.0 +02:00
      }
    }
    +entry: App\Entity\Entry {#2388
      +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1943
        +avatar: null
        +cover: null
        +email: "AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
        +username: "@AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
        +roles: []
        +followersCount: 0
        +homepage: "front"
        +about: """
          `they/them`\n
          \n
          A backend developer mainly using Rust, though I’ve been messing around with JVM languages as of late. I play lots of video games too :)\n
          \n
          Mastodon: [@azzydev@tech.lgbt](https://tech.lgbt/users/azzydev)Matrix: [@azzydev:hackliberty.org](https://matrix.to/#/@azzydev:hackliberty.org)
          """
        +lastActive: DateTime @1697384866 {#1516
          date: 2023-10-15 17:47:46.0 +02:00
        }
        +markedForDeletionAt: null
        +fields: null
        +oauthGithubId: null
        +oauthGoogleId: null
        +oauthFacebookId: null
        +oauthKeycloakId: null
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        +showSubscribedDomains: true
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        +showProfileFollowings: true
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        +notifyOnNewEntry: false
        +notifyOnNewEntryReply: true
        +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: true
        +notifyOnNewPost: false
        +notifyOnNewPostReply: true
        +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: true
        +addMentionsEntries: false
        +addMentionsPosts: true
        +isBanned: false
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        +isDeleted: false
        +isBot: false
        +spamProtection: true
        +customCss: null
        +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
        +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1632 …}
        +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1406 …}
        +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1713 …}
        +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1710 …}
        +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1742 …}
        +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1659 …}
        +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1470 …}
        +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1746 …}
        +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1490 …}
        +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1772 …}
        +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1622 …}
        +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1758 …}
        +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1450 …}
        +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1422 …}
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          The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
          \n
          **Some useful resources:**\n
          \n
          1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
          2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
          3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
          4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
          5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
          6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
          \n
          **List of initial things to learn:**\n
          \n
          1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
          2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
          3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
          4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
          5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
          6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
          7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
          \n
          **Tools to buy:**\n
          \n
          1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
          2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
          3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
          4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
          5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
          \n
          **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
          \n
          1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
          2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
          3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
          \n
          **Other Stuff**:\n
          \n
          1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
          2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
          3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
          4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
          \n
          Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
          """
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      +body: "Oh wow! this is a lot of great detail! is Rust at all useful for embedded applications, or am i essentially restricted to C/C++? Is Adafruit also a good resource or not as much as the others? Also, besides the obvious differences in form factor and ease of use, what’s the objective difference between the RP2040 *chip,* and, for example, Sparkfun’s “Pro Micro” or “Thing Plus”, or is the ease-of-use *by itself* the main selling point?"
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    +body: """
      There are a lot of differences, but I’ll try and go over the high level ones. The RP2040 is a chip, and the others are boards – so I’ll compare the chips on them.\n
      \n
      The RP2040 chip is *really powerful* overall, and does some odd things with I/O that let you do a bunch of very fast, precise things. You also get a lot of I/O pins and they are very well-behaved. The main advantage though is that it works well in both Python and C++, and is well-supported.\n
      \n
      The ESP32 based board (Thing Plus) has integrated WiFi. The ESP32 is a great chip, I use it a lot, but it has some unfortunate quirks. First, it has a very high clock speed and decent memory, making it quite powerful. However, if you glitch out the network stack via your code, it can have some problems with unexpected resets. This was much worse with the earlier-generation ESP8266. Secondly, the I/O work much more slowly than the system clock (if I recall correctly), and they are picky about what state they have on startup – some go high as part of the boot process, others must be high or low on boot but can be used after. This is actually quite a pain sometimes. It’s a great chip overall though and works well in C++.\n
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      The Pro Micro uses an ATMEGA32 chip. I’m a huge AVR fan so I don’t have many bad things to say, I like it a lot. It is much slower than the other two chips though, and has less memory. Probably it’s best to use C++, but you ought to be able to use Assembly too if you like. The I/O on AVRs are really well-behaved and usually operate at the same speed as the chip, which is nice when you need precise timing! The best thing about it though, is it can use much less power than the other two options, if you use the sleep modes right. So you can build neat battery-powered applications. Finally AVRs have *excellent* datasheets – there’s rarely any ambiguity on exactly how any system on the chip works.\n
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      Overall, I’d choose an RP2040 board if I wanted to use Python and do IoT/Robots/whatever (you can buy boards with or without WiFi), an ESP32 based board if I wanted to do IoT stuff in C++, and the Pro Micro if I wanted to do low-level, low power embedded stuff in C++ or assembly (and maybe branch out into other AVR chips). The C++ options mean you can use the Arduino IDE and their libraries.
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          The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
          \n
          **Some useful resources:**\n
          \n
          1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
          2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
          3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
          4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
          5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
          6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
          \n
          **List of initial things to learn:**\n
          \n
          1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
          2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
          3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
          4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
          5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
          6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
          7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
          \n
          **Tools to buy:**\n
          \n
          1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
          2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
          3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
          4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
          5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
          \n
          **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
          \n
          1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
          2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
          3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
          \n
          **Other Stuff**:\n
          \n
          1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
          2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
          3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
          4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
          \n
          Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
          """
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      +body: "Oh wow! this is a lot of great detail! is Rust at all useful for embedded applications, or am i essentially restricted to C/C++? Is Adafruit also a good resource or not as much as the others? Also, besides the obvious differences in form factor and ease of use, what’s the objective difference between the RP2040 *chip,* and, for example, Sparkfun’s “Pro Micro” or “Thing Plus”, or is the ease-of-use *by itself* the main selling point?"
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    +body: """
      There are a lot of differences, but I’ll try and go over the high level ones. The RP2040 is a chip, and the others are boards – so I’ll compare the chips on them.\n
      \n
      The RP2040 chip is *really powerful* overall, and does some odd things with I/O that let you do a bunch of very fast, precise things. You also get a lot of I/O pins and they are very well-behaved. The main advantage though is that it works well in both Python and C++, and is well-supported.\n
      \n
      The ESP32 based board (Thing Plus) has integrated WiFi. The ESP32 is a great chip, I use it a lot, but it has some unfortunate quirks. First, it has a very high clock speed and decent memory, making it quite powerful. However, if you glitch out the network stack via your code, it can have some problems with unexpected resets. This was much worse with the earlier-generation ESP8266. Secondly, the I/O work much more slowly than the system clock (if I recall correctly), and they are picky about what state they have on startup – some go high as part of the boot process, others must be high or low on boot but can be used after. This is actually quite a pain sometimes. It’s a great chip overall though and works well in C++.\n
      \n
      The Pro Micro uses an ATMEGA32 chip. I’m a huge AVR fan so I don’t have many bad things to say, I like it a lot. It is much slower than the other two chips though, and has less memory. Probably it’s best to use C++, but you ought to be able to use Assembly too if you like. The I/O on AVRs are really well-behaved and usually operate at the same speed as the chip, which is nice when you need precise timing! The best thing about it though, is it can use much less power than the other two options, if you use the sleep modes right. So you can build neat battery-powered applications. Finally AVRs have *excellent* datasheets – there’s rarely any ambiguity on exactly how any system on the chip works.\n
      \n
      Overall, I’d choose an RP2040 board if I wanted to use Python and do IoT/Robots/whatever (you can buy boards with or without WiFi), an ESP32 based board if I wanted to do IoT stuff in C++, and the Pro Micro if I wanted to do low-level, low power embedded stuff in C++ or assembly (and maybe branch out into other AVR chips). The C++ options mean you can use the Arduino IDE and their libraries.
      """
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          The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
          \n
          **Some useful resources:**\n
          \n
          1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
          2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
          3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
          4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
          5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
          6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
          \n
          **List of initial things to learn:**\n
          \n
          1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
          2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
          3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
          4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
          5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
          6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
          7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
          \n
          **Tools to buy:**\n
          \n
          1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
          2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
          3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
          4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
          5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
          \n
          **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
          \n
          1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
          2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
          3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
          \n
          **Other Stuff**:\n
          \n
          1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
          2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
          3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
          4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
          \n
          Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
          """
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      +body: "Oh wow! this is a lot of great detail! is Rust at all useful for embedded applications, or am i essentially restricted to C/C++? Is Adafruit also a good resource or not as much as the others? Also, besides the obvious differences in form factor and ease of use, what’s the objective difference between the RP2040 *chip,* and, for example, Sparkfun’s “Pro Micro” or “Thing Plus”, or is the ease-of-use *by itself* the main selling point?"
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    +body: """
      There are a lot of differences, but I’ll try and go over the high level ones. The RP2040 is a chip, and the others are boards – so I’ll compare the chips on them.\n
      \n
      The RP2040 chip is *really powerful* overall, and does some odd things with I/O that let you do a bunch of very fast, precise things. You also get a lot of I/O pins and they are very well-behaved. The main advantage though is that it works well in both Python and C++, and is well-supported.\n
      \n
      The ESP32 based board (Thing Plus) has integrated WiFi. The ESP32 is a great chip, I use it a lot, but it has some unfortunate quirks. First, it has a very high clock speed and decent memory, making it quite powerful. However, if you glitch out the network stack via your code, it can have some problems with unexpected resets. This was much worse with the earlier-generation ESP8266. Secondly, the I/O work much more slowly than the system clock (if I recall correctly), and they are picky about what state they have on startup – some go high as part of the boot process, others must be high or low on boot but can be used after. This is actually quite a pain sometimes. It’s a great chip overall though and works well in C++.\n
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      The Pro Micro uses an ATMEGA32 chip. I’m a huge AVR fan so I don’t have many bad things to say, I like it a lot. It is much slower than the other two chips though, and has less memory. Probably it’s best to use C++, but you ought to be able to use Assembly too if you like. The I/O on AVRs are really well-behaved and usually operate at the same speed as the chip, which is nice when you need precise timing! The best thing about it though, is it can use much less power than the other two options, if you use the sleep modes right. So you can build neat battery-powered applications. Finally AVRs have *excellent* datasheets – there’s rarely any ambiguity on exactly how any system on the chip works.\n
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      Overall, I’d choose an RP2040 board if I wanted to use Python and do IoT/Robots/whatever (you can buy boards with or without WiFi), an ESP32 based board if I wanted to do IoT stuff in C++, and the Pro Micro if I wanted to do low-level, low power embedded stuff in C++ or assembly (and maybe branch out into other AVR chips). The C++ options mean you can use the Arduino IDE and their libraries.
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          The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
          \n
          **Some useful resources:**\n
          \n
          1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
          2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
          3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
          4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
          5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
          6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
          \n
          **List of initial things to learn:**\n
          \n
          1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
          2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
          3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
          4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
          5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
          6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
          7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
          \n
          **Tools to buy:**\n
          \n
          1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
          2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
          3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
          4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
          5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
          \n
          **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
          \n
          1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
          2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
          3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
          \n
          **Other Stuff**:\n
          \n
          1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
          2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
          3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
          4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
          \n
          Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
          """
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      +body: "Oh wow! this is a lot of great detail! is Rust at all useful for embedded applications, or am i essentially restricted to C/C++? Is Adafruit also a good resource or not as much as the others? Also, besides the obvious differences in form factor and ease of use, what’s the objective difference between the RP2040 *chip,* and, for example, Sparkfun’s “Pro Micro” or “Thing Plus”, or is the ease-of-use *by itself* the main selling point?"
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    +body: """
      There are a lot of differences, but I’ll try and go over the high level ones. The RP2040 is a chip, and the others are boards – so I’ll compare the chips on them.\n
      \n
      The RP2040 chip is *really powerful* overall, and does some odd things with I/O that let you do a bunch of very fast, precise things. You also get a lot of I/O pins and they are very well-behaved. The main advantage though is that it works well in both Python and C++, and is well-supported.\n
      \n
      The ESP32 based board (Thing Plus) has integrated WiFi. The ESP32 is a great chip, I use it a lot, but it has some unfortunate quirks. First, it has a very high clock speed and decent memory, making it quite powerful. However, if you glitch out the network stack via your code, it can have some problems with unexpected resets. This was much worse with the earlier-generation ESP8266. Secondly, the I/O work much more slowly than the system clock (if I recall correctly), and they are picky about what state they have on startup – some go high as part of the boot process, others must be high or low on boot but can be used after. This is actually quite a pain sometimes. It’s a great chip overall though and works well in C++.\n
      \n
      The Pro Micro uses an ATMEGA32 chip. I’m a huge AVR fan so I don’t have many bad things to say, I like it a lot. It is much slower than the other two chips though, and has less memory. Probably it’s best to use C++, but you ought to be able to use Assembly too if you like. The I/O on AVRs are really well-behaved and usually operate at the same speed as the chip, which is nice when you need precise timing! The best thing about it though, is it can use much less power than the other two options, if you use the sleep modes right. So you can build neat battery-powered applications. Finally AVRs have *excellent* datasheets – there’s rarely any ambiguity on exactly how any system on the chip works.\n
      \n
      Overall, I’d choose an RP2040 board if I wanted to use Python and do IoT/Robots/whatever (you can buy boards with or without WiFi), an ESP32 based board if I wanted to do IoT stuff in C++, and the Pro Micro if I wanted to do low-level, low power embedded stuff in C++ or assembly (and maybe branch out into other AVR chips). The C++ options mean you can use the Arduino IDE and their libraries.
      """
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          The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
          \n
          **Some useful resources:**\n
          \n
          1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
          2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
          3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
          4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
          5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
          6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
          \n
          **List of initial things to learn:**\n
          \n
          1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
          2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
          3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
          4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
          5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
          6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
          7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
          \n
          **Tools to buy:**\n
          \n
          1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
          2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
          3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
          4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
          5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
          \n
          **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
          \n
          1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
          2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
          3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
          \n
          **Other Stuff**:\n
          \n
          1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
          2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
          3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
          4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
          \n
          Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
          """
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      +body: "Oh wow! this is a lot of great detail! is Rust at all useful for embedded applications, or am i essentially restricted to C/C++? Is Adafruit also a good resource or not as much as the others? Also, besides the obvious differences in form factor and ease of use, what’s the objective difference between the RP2040 *chip,* and, for example, Sparkfun’s “Pro Micro” or “Thing Plus”, or is the ease-of-use *by itself* the main selling point?"
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    +body: """
      There are a lot of differences, but I’ll try and go over the high level ones. The RP2040 is a chip, and the others are boards – so I’ll compare the chips on them.\n
      \n
      The RP2040 chip is *really powerful* overall, and does some odd things with I/O that let you do a bunch of very fast, precise things. You also get a lot of I/O pins and they are very well-behaved. The main advantage though is that it works well in both Python and C++, and is well-supported.\n
      \n
      The ESP32 based board (Thing Plus) has integrated WiFi. The ESP32 is a great chip, I use it a lot, but it has some unfortunate quirks. First, it has a very high clock speed and decent memory, making it quite powerful. However, if you glitch out the network stack via your code, it can have some problems with unexpected resets. This was much worse with the earlier-generation ESP8266. Secondly, the I/O work much more slowly than the system clock (if I recall correctly), and they are picky about what state they have on startup – some go high as part of the boot process, others must be high or low on boot but can be used after. This is actually quite a pain sometimes. It’s a great chip overall though and works well in C++.\n
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      The Pro Micro uses an ATMEGA32 chip. I’m a huge AVR fan so I don’t have many bad things to say, I like it a lot. It is much slower than the other two chips though, and has less memory. Probably it’s best to use C++, but you ought to be able to use Assembly too if you like. The I/O on AVRs are really well-behaved and usually operate at the same speed as the chip, which is nice when you need precise timing! The best thing about it though, is it can use much less power than the other two options, if you use the sleep modes right. So you can build neat battery-powered applications. Finally AVRs have *excellent* datasheets – there’s rarely any ambiguity on exactly how any system on the chip works.\n
      \n
      Overall, I’d choose an RP2040 board if I wanted to use Python and do IoT/Robots/whatever (you can buy boards with or without WiFi), an ESP32 based board if I wanted to do IoT stuff in C++, and the Pro Micro if I wanted to do low-level, low power embedded stuff in C++ or assembly (and maybe branch out into other AVR chips). The C++ options mean you can use the Arduino IDE and their libraries.
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          The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
          \n
          **Some useful resources:**\n
          \n
          1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
          2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
          3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
          4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
          5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
          6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
          \n
          **List of initial things to learn:**\n
          \n
          1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
          2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
          3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
          4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
          5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
          6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
          7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
          \n
          **Tools to buy:**\n
          \n
          1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
          2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
          3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
          4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
          5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
          \n
          **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
          \n
          1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
          2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
          3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
          \n
          **Other Stuff**:\n
          \n
          1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
          2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
          3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
          4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
          \n
          Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
          """
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      +body: "Oh wow! this is a lot of great detail! is Rust at all useful for embedded applications, or am i essentially restricted to C/C++? Is Adafruit also a good resource or not as much as the others? Also, besides the obvious differences in form factor and ease of use, what’s the objective difference between the RP2040 *chip,* and, for example, Sparkfun’s “Pro Micro” or “Thing Plus”, or is the ease-of-use *by itself* the main selling point?"
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    +body: """
      There are a lot of differences, but I’ll try and go over the high level ones. The RP2040 is a chip, and the others are boards – so I’ll compare the chips on them.\n
      \n
      The RP2040 chip is *really powerful* overall, and does some odd things with I/O that let you do a bunch of very fast, precise things. You also get a lot of I/O pins and they are very well-behaved. The main advantage though is that it works well in both Python and C++, and is well-supported.\n
      \n
      The ESP32 based board (Thing Plus) has integrated WiFi. The ESP32 is a great chip, I use it a lot, but it has some unfortunate quirks. First, it has a very high clock speed and decent memory, making it quite powerful. However, if you glitch out the network stack via your code, it can have some problems with unexpected resets. This was much worse with the earlier-generation ESP8266. Secondly, the I/O work much more slowly than the system clock (if I recall correctly), and they are picky about what state they have on startup – some go high as part of the boot process, others must be high or low on boot but can be used after. This is actually quite a pain sometimes. It’s a great chip overall though and works well in C++.\n
      \n
      The Pro Micro uses an ATMEGA32 chip. I’m a huge AVR fan so I don’t have many bad things to say, I like it a lot. It is much slower than the other two chips though, and has less memory. Probably it’s best to use C++, but you ought to be able to use Assembly too if you like. The I/O on AVRs are really well-behaved and usually operate at the same speed as the chip, which is nice when you need precise timing! The best thing about it though, is it can use much less power than the other two options, if you use the sleep modes right. So you can build neat battery-powered applications. Finally AVRs have *excellent* datasheets – there’s rarely any ambiguity on exactly how any system on the chip works.\n
      \n
      Overall, I’d choose an RP2040 board if I wanted to use Python and do IoT/Robots/whatever (you can buy boards with or without WiFi), an ESP32 based board if I wanted to do IoT stuff in C++, and the Pro Micro if I wanted to do low-level, low power embedded stuff in C++ or assembly (and maybe branch out into other AVR chips). The C++ options mean you can use the Arduino IDE and their libraries.
      """
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            The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
            \n
            **Some useful resources:**\n
            \n
            1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
            2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
            3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
            4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
            5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
            6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
            \n
            **List of initial things to learn:**\n
            \n
            1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
            2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
            3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
            4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
            5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
            6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
            7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
            \n
            **Tools to buy:**\n
            \n
            1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
            2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
            3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
            4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
            5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
            \n
            **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
            \n
            1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
            2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
            3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
            \n
            **Other Stuff**:\n
            \n
            1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
            2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
            3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
            4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
            \n
            Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
            """
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        +body: "Oh wow! this is a lot of great detail! is Rust at all useful for embedded applications, or am i essentially restricted to C/C++? Is Adafruit also a good resource or not as much as the others? Also, besides the obvious differences in form factor and ease of use, what’s the objective difference between the RP2040 *chip,* and, for example, Sparkfun’s “Pro Micro” or “Thing Plus”, or is the ease-of-use *by itself* the main selling point?"
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        There are a lot of differences, but I’ll try and go over the high level ones. The RP2040 is a chip, and the others are boards – so I’ll compare the chips on them.\n
        \n
        The RP2040 chip is *really powerful* overall, and does some odd things with I/O that let you do a bunch of very fast, precise things. You also get a lot of I/O pins and they are very well-behaved. The main advantage though is that it works well in both Python and C++, and is well-supported.\n
        \n
        The ESP32 based board (Thing Plus) has integrated WiFi. The ESP32 is a great chip, I use it a lot, but it has some unfortunate quirks. First, it has a very high clock speed and decent memory, making it quite powerful. However, if you glitch out the network stack via your code, it can have some problems with unexpected resets. This was much worse with the earlier-generation ESP8266. Secondly, the I/O work much more slowly than the system clock (if I recall correctly), and they are picky about what state they have on startup – some go high as part of the boot process, others must be high or low on boot but can be used after. This is actually quite a pain sometimes. It’s a great chip overall though and works well in C++.\n
        \n
        The Pro Micro uses an ATMEGA32 chip. I’m a huge AVR fan so I don’t have many bad things to say, I like it a lot. It is much slower than the other two chips though, and has less memory. Probably it’s best to use C++, but you ought to be able to use Assembly too if you like. The I/O on AVRs are really well-behaved and usually operate at the same speed as the chip, which is nice when you need precise timing! The best thing about it though, is it can use much less power than the other two options, if you use the sleep modes right. So you can build neat battery-powered applications. Finally AVRs have *excellent* datasheets – there’s rarely any ambiguity on exactly how any system on the chip works.\n
        \n
        Overall, I’d choose an RP2040 board if I wanted to use Python and do IoT/Robots/whatever (you can buy boards with or without WiFi), an ESP32 based board if I wanted to do IoT stuff in C++, and the Pro Micro if I wanted to do low-level, low power embedded stuff in C++ or assembly (and maybe branch out into other AVR chips). The C++ options mean you can use the Arduino IDE and their libraries.
        """
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      Holy shit (sorry)! You really know your stuff, or at the very least, I don’t know my stuff! I’ll keep in mind the stuff you said about the ESP32 and the ATMEGA, but I was more so referring to the editions of those dev boards that use the RP2040!\n
      \n
      [www.sparkfun.com/products/18288](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/18288)[www.sparkfun.com/products/17745](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/17745)\n
      \n
      After reading a bit more, it seems that *pretty much* the only difference is the IO and other supporting hardware besides just the chips. If someone (me) were working on a project where solutions like these particularly-powerful microcontrollers are required, when would it make more sense to use one of these pre-made boards for computing rather than making your own PCB designs including the chip? Is it mostly for projects where extremely compact form factors (and/or other shenanigans) aren’t necessary?
      """
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            The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
            \n
            **Some useful resources:**\n
            \n
            1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
            2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
            3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
            4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
            5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
            6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
            \n
            **List of initial things to learn:**\n
            \n
            1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
            2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
            3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
            4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
            5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
            6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
            7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
            \n
            **Tools to buy:**\n
            \n
            1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
            2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
            3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
            4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
            5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
            \n
            **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
            \n
            1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
            2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
            3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
            \n
            **Other Stuff**:\n
            \n
            1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
            2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
            3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
            4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
            \n
            Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
            """
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        +body: "Oh wow! this is a lot of great detail! is Rust at all useful for embedded applications, or am i essentially restricted to C/C++? Is Adafruit also a good resource or not as much as the others? Also, besides the obvious differences in form factor and ease of use, what’s the objective difference between the RP2040 *chip,* and, for example, Sparkfun’s “Pro Micro” or “Thing Plus”, or is the ease-of-use *by itself* the main selling point?"
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      +body: """
        There are a lot of differences, but I’ll try and go over the high level ones. The RP2040 is a chip, and the others are boards – so I’ll compare the chips on them.\n
        \n
        The RP2040 chip is *really powerful* overall, and does some odd things with I/O that let you do a bunch of very fast, precise things. You also get a lot of I/O pins and they are very well-behaved. The main advantage though is that it works well in both Python and C++, and is well-supported.\n
        \n
        The ESP32 based board (Thing Plus) has integrated WiFi. The ESP32 is a great chip, I use it a lot, but it has some unfortunate quirks. First, it has a very high clock speed and decent memory, making it quite powerful. However, if you glitch out the network stack via your code, it can have some problems with unexpected resets. This was much worse with the earlier-generation ESP8266. Secondly, the I/O work much more slowly than the system clock (if I recall correctly), and they are picky about what state they have on startup – some go high as part of the boot process, others must be high or low on boot but can be used after. This is actually quite a pain sometimes. It’s a great chip overall though and works well in C++.\n
        \n
        The Pro Micro uses an ATMEGA32 chip. I’m a huge AVR fan so I don’t have many bad things to say, I like it a lot. It is much slower than the other two chips though, and has less memory. Probably it’s best to use C++, but you ought to be able to use Assembly too if you like. The I/O on AVRs are really well-behaved and usually operate at the same speed as the chip, which is nice when you need precise timing! The best thing about it though, is it can use much less power than the other two options, if you use the sleep modes right. So you can build neat battery-powered applications. Finally AVRs have *excellent* datasheets – there’s rarely any ambiguity on exactly how any system on the chip works.\n
        \n
        Overall, I’d choose an RP2040 board if I wanted to use Python and do IoT/Robots/whatever (you can buy boards with or without WiFi), an ESP32 based board if I wanted to do IoT stuff in C++, and the Pro Micro if I wanted to do low-level, low power embedded stuff in C++ or assembly (and maybe branch out into other AVR chips). The C++ options mean you can use the Arduino IDE and their libraries.
        """
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    +body: """
      Holy shit (sorry)! You really know your stuff, or at the very least, I don’t know my stuff! I’ll keep in mind the stuff you said about the ESP32 and the ATMEGA, but I was more so referring to the editions of those dev boards that use the RP2040!\n
      \n
      [www.sparkfun.com/products/18288](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/18288)[www.sparkfun.com/products/17745](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/17745)\n
      \n
      After reading a bit more, it seems that *pretty much* the only difference is the IO and other supporting hardware besides just the chips. If someone (me) were working on a project where solutions like these particularly-powerful microcontrollers are required, when would it make more sense to use one of these pre-made boards for computing rather than making your own PCB designs including the chip? Is it mostly for projects where extremely compact form factors (and/or other shenanigans) aren’t necessary?
      """
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    +username: "@AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: """
      `they/them`\n
      \n
      A backend developer mainly using Rust, though I’ve been messing around with JVM languages as of late. I play lots of video games too :)\n
      \n
      Mastodon: [@azzydev@tech.lgbt](https://tech.lgbt/users/azzydev)Matrix: [@azzydev:hackliberty.org](https://matrix.to/#/@azzydev:hackliberty.org)
      """
    +lastActive: DateTime @1697384866 {#1516
      date: 2023-10-15 17:47:46.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: false
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: true
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: true
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
    +isVerified: false
    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1632 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1406 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1713 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1710 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1742 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1659 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1470 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1746 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1490 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1772 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1622 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1758 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1450 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1422 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1660 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1454 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1425 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1439 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1428 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1461 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1438 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1697 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1690 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1429 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1612 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1675 …}
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    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1668 …}
    +apId: "AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
    +apProfileId: "https://beehaw.org/u/AzzyDev"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://beehaw.org/u/AzzyDev"
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://beehaw.org/inbox"
    +apDomain: "beehaw.org"
    +apPreferredUsername: "AzzyDev"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1728389310 {#1537
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    +apDeletedAt: null
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    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1696647047 {#1515
      date: 2023-10-07 04:50:47.0 +02:00
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    +__isInitialized__: true
     …2
  }
  "showAvatar" => false
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\UserInlineComponent {#6905
  +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1943
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
    +username: "@AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: """
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      \n
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      \n
      Mastodon: [@azzydev@tech.lgbt](https://tech.lgbt/users/azzydev)Matrix: [@azzydev:hackliberty.org](https://matrix.to/#/@azzydev:hackliberty.org)
      """
    +lastActive: DateTime @1697384866 {#1516
      date: 2023-10-15 17:47:46.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
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    +showSubscribedUsers: true
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    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: false
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: true
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: true
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
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    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1632 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1406 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1713 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1710 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1742 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1659 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1470 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1746 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1490 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1772 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1622 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1758 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1450 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1422 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1660 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1454 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1425 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1439 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1428 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1461 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1438 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1697 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1690 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1429 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1612 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1675 …}
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    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1668 …}
    +apId: "AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
    +apProfileId: "https://beehaw.org/u/AzzyDev"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://beehaw.org/u/AzzyDev"
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://beehaw.org/inbox"
    +apDomain: "beehaw.org"
    +apPreferredUsername: "AzzyDev"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1728389310 {#1537
      date: 2024-10-08 14:08:30.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1696647047 {#1515
      date: 2023-10-07 04:50:47.0 +02:00
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    +__isInitialized__: true
     …2
  }
  +showAvatar: false
}
date App\Twig\Components\DateComponent 12.0 MiB 0.14 ms
Input props
[
  "date" => DateTimeImmutable @1697151969 {#4560
    date: 2023-10-13 01:06:09.0 +02:00
  }
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\DateComponent {#6960
  +date: DateTimeImmutable @1697151969 {#4560
    date: 2023-10-13 01:06:09.0 +02:00
  }
}
date_edited App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent 12.0 MiB 0.09 ms
Input props
[
  "createdAt" => DateTimeImmutable @1697151969 {#4560
    date: 2023-10-13 01:06:09.0 +02:00
  }
  "editedAt" => null
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent {#7014
  +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1697151969 {#4560
    date: 2023-10-13 01:06:09.0 +02:00
  }
  +editedAt: null
}
user_avatar App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent 12.0 MiB 0.13 ms
Input props
[
  "user" => Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1943
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
    +username: "@AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: """
      `they/them`\n
      \n
      A backend developer mainly using Rust, though I’ve been messing around with JVM languages as of late. I play lots of video games too :)\n
      \n
      Mastodon: [@azzydev@tech.lgbt](https://tech.lgbt/users/azzydev)Matrix: [@azzydev:hackliberty.org](https://matrix.to/#/@azzydev:hackliberty.org)
      """
    +lastActive: DateTime @1697384866 {#1516
      date: 2023-10-15 17:47:46.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: false
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: true
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: true
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
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    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1632 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1406 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1713 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1710 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1742 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1659 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1470 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1746 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1490 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1772 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1622 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1758 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1450 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1422 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1660 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1454 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1425 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1439 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1428 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1461 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1438 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1697 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1690 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1429 …}
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    -id: 52402
    -password: "$2y$13$kabYapGG36iYaUBuepxh8urKg/FkeGBmt4EfflnNslQtpcz89Cm8G"
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1668 …}
    +apId: "AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
    +apProfileId: "https://beehaw.org/u/AzzyDev"
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    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://beehaw.org/inbox"
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    +apPreferredUsername: "AzzyDev"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1728389310 {#1537
      date: 2024-10-08 14:08:30.0 +02:00
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    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1696647047 {#1515
      date: 2023-10-07 04:50:47.0 +02:00
    }
    +__isInitialized__: true
     …2
  }
  "width" => 40
  "height" => 40
  "asLink" => true
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent {#7068
  +width: 40
  +height: 40
  +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1943
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
    +username: "@AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: """
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      \n
      A backend developer mainly using Rust, though I’ve been messing around with JVM languages as of late. I play lots of video games too :)\n
      \n
      Mastodon: [@azzydev@tech.lgbt](https://tech.lgbt/users/azzydev)Matrix: [@azzydev:hackliberty.org](https://matrix.to/#/@azzydev:hackliberty.org)
      """
    +lastActive: DateTime @1697384866 {#1516
      date: 2023-10-15 17:47:46.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
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    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
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    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
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    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: true
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    +addMentionsEntries: false
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    +isBanned: false
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    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1632 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1406 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1713 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1710 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1742 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1659 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1470 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1746 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1490 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1772 …}
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    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1758 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1450 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1422 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1660 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1454 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1425 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1439 …}
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    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1461 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1438 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1697 …}
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    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1429 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1612 …}
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    -id: 52402
    -password: "$2y$13$kabYapGG36iYaUBuepxh8urKg/FkeGBmt4EfflnNslQtpcz89Cm8G"
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1668 …}
    +apId: "AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
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    +apPublicUrl: "https://beehaw.org/u/AzzyDev"
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    +apDiscoverable: true
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    +privateKey: null
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    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1728389310 {#1537
      date: 2024-10-08 14:08:30.0 +02:00
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    +apDeletedAt: null
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      date: 2023-10-07 04:50:47.0 +02:00
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    +__isInitialized__: true
     …2
  }
  +asLink: true
}
vote App\Twig\Components\VoteComponent 12.0 MiB 0.49 ms
Input props
[
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    +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1943
      +avatar: null
      +cover: null
      +email: "AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
      +username: "@AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
      +roles: []
      +followersCount: 0
      +homepage: "front"
      +about: """
        `they/them`\n
        \n
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        \n
        Mastodon: [@azzydev@tech.lgbt](https://tech.lgbt/users/azzydev)Matrix: [@azzydev:hackliberty.org](https://matrix.to/#/@azzydev:hackliberty.org)
        """
      +lastActive: DateTime @1697384866 {#1516
        date: 2023-10-15 17:47:46.0 +02:00
      }
      +markedForDeletionAt: null
      +fields: null
      +oauthGithubId: null
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      +oauthKeycloakId: null
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      +showSubscribedUsers: true
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      +showProfileFollowings: true
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      +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: true
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      +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: true
      +addMentionsEntries: false
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      +isBanned: false
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      +isBot: false
      +spamProtection: true
      +customCss: null
      +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
      +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1632 …}
      +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1406 …}
      +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1713 …}
      +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1710 …}
      +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1742 …}
      +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1659 …}
      +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1470 …}
      +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1746 …}
      +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1490 …}
      +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1772 …}
      +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1622 …}
      +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1758 …}
      +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1450 …}
      +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1422 …}
      +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1660 …}
      +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1454 …}
      +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1425 …}
      +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1439 …}
      +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1428 …}
      +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1461 …}
      +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1438 …}
      +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1697 …}
      +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1690 …}
      +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1429 …}
      +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1612 …}
      +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1675 …}
      -id: 52402
      -password: "$2y$13$kabYapGG36iYaUBuepxh8urKg/FkeGBmt4EfflnNslQtpcz89Cm8G"
      -totpSecret: null
      -totpBackupCodes: []
      -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1668 …}
      +apId: "AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
      +apProfileId: "https://beehaw.org/u/AzzyDev"
      +apPublicUrl: "https://beehaw.org/u/AzzyDev"
      +apFollowersUrl: null
      +apInboxUrl: "https://beehaw.org/inbox"
      +apDomain: "beehaw.org"
      +apPreferredUsername: "AzzyDev"
      +apDiscoverable: true
      +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
      +privateKey: null
      +publicKey: null
      +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1728389310 {#1537
        date: 2024-10-08 14:08:30.0 +02:00
      }
      +apDeletedAt: null
      +apTimeoutAt: null
      +visibility: "visible             "
      +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1696647047 {#1515
        date: 2023-10-07 04:50:47.0 +02:00
      }
      +__isInitialized__: true
       …2
    }
    +entry: App\Entity\Entry {#2388
      +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1943 …2}
      +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#266
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            The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
            \n
            **Some useful resources:**\n
            \n
            1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
            2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
            3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
            4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
            5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
            6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
            \n
            **List of initial things to learn:**\n
            \n
            1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
            2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
            3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
            4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
            5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
            6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
            7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
            \n
            **Tools to buy:**\n
            \n
            1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
            2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
            3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
            4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
            5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
            \n
            **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
            \n
            1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
            2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
            3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
            \n
            **Other Stuff**:\n
            \n
            1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
            2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
            3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
            4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
            \n
            Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
            """
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        +body: "Oh wow! this is a lot of great detail! is Rust at all useful for embedded applications, or am i essentially restricted to C/C++? Is Adafruit also a good resource or not as much as the others? Also, besides the obvious differences in form factor and ease of use, what’s the objective difference between the RP2040 *chip,* and, for example, Sparkfun’s “Pro Micro” or “Thing Plus”, or is the ease-of-use *by itself* the main selling point?"
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        There are a lot of differences, but I’ll try and go over the high level ones. The RP2040 is a chip, and the others are boards – so I’ll compare the chips on them.\n
        \n
        The RP2040 chip is *really powerful* overall, and does some odd things with I/O that let you do a bunch of very fast, precise things. You also get a lot of I/O pins and they are very well-behaved. The main advantage though is that it works well in both Python and C++, and is well-supported.\n
        \n
        The ESP32 based board (Thing Plus) has integrated WiFi. The ESP32 is a great chip, I use it a lot, but it has some unfortunate quirks. First, it has a very high clock speed and decent memory, making it quite powerful. However, if you glitch out the network stack via your code, it can have some problems with unexpected resets. This was much worse with the earlier-generation ESP8266. Secondly, the I/O work much more slowly than the system clock (if I recall correctly), and they are picky about what state they have on startup – some go high as part of the boot process, others must be high or low on boot but can be used after. This is actually quite a pain sometimes. It’s a great chip overall though and works well in C++.\n
        \n
        The Pro Micro uses an ATMEGA32 chip. I’m a huge AVR fan so I don’t have many bad things to say, I like it a lot. It is much slower than the other two chips though, and has less memory. Probably it’s best to use C++, but you ought to be able to use Assembly too if you like. The I/O on AVRs are really well-behaved and usually operate at the same speed as the chip, which is nice when you need precise timing! The best thing about it though, is it can use much less power than the other two options, if you use the sleep modes right. So you can build neat battery-powered applications. Finally AVRs have *excellent* datasheets – there’s rarely any ambiguity on exactly how any system on the chip works.\n
        \n
        Overall, I’d choose an RP2040 board if I wanted to use Python and do IoT/Robots/whatever (you can buy boards with or without WiFi), an ESP32 based board if I wanted to do IoT stuff in C++, and the Pro Micro if I wanted to do low-level, low power embedded stuff in C++ or assembly (and maybe branch out into other AVR chips). The C++ options mean you can use the Arduino IDE and their libraries.
        """
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      Holy shit (sorry)! You really know your stuff, or at the very least, I don’t know my stuff! I’ll keep in mind the stuff you said about the ESP32 and the ATMEGA, but I was more so referring to the editions of those dev boards that use the RP2040!\n
      \n
      [www.sparkfun.com/products/18288](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/18288)[www.sparkfun.com/products/17745](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/17745)\n
      \n
      After reading a bit more, it seems that *pretty much* the only difference is the IO and other supporting hardware besides just the chips. If someone (me) were working on a project where solutions like these particularly-powerful microcontrollers are required, when would it make more sense to use one of these pre-made boards for computing rather than making your own PCB designs including the chip? Is it mostly for projects where extremely compact form factors (and/or other shenanigans) aren’t necessary?
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            The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
            \n
            **Some useful resources:**\n
            \n
            1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
            2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
            3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
            4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
            5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
            6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
            \n
            **List of initial things to learn:**\n
            \n
            1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
            2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
            3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
            4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
            5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
            6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
            7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
            \n
            **Tools to buy:**\n
            \n
            1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
            2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
            3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
            4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
            5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
            \n
            **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
            \n
            1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
            2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
            3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
            \n
            **Other Stuff**:\n
            \n
            1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
            2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
            3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
            4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
            \n
            Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
            """
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        +body: "Oh wow! this is a lot of great detail! is Rust at all useful for embedded applications, or am i essentially restricted to C/C++? Is Adafruit also a good resource or not as much as the others? Also, besides the obvious differences in form factor and ease of use, what’s the objective difference between the RP2040 *chip,* and, for example, Sparkfun’s “Pro Micro” or “Thing Plus”, or is the ease-of-use *by itself* the main selling point?"
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      +body: """
        There are a lot of differences, but I’ll try and go over the high level ones. The RP2040 is a chip, and the others are boards – so I’ll compare the chips on them.\n
        \n
        The RP2040 chip is *really powerful* overall, and does some odd things with I/O that let you do a bunch of very fast, precise things. You also get a lot of I/O pins and they are very well-behaved. The main advantage though is that it works well in both Python and C++, and is well-supported.\n
        \n
        The ESP32 based board (Thing Plus) has integrated WiFi. The ESP32 is a great chip, I use it a lot, but it has some unfortunate quirks. First, it has a very high clock speed and decent memory, making it quite powerful. However, if you glitch out the network stack via your code, it can have some problems with unexpected resets. This was much worse with the earlier-generation ESP8266. Secondly, the I/O work much more slowly than the system clock (if I recall correctly), and they are picky about what state they have on startup – some go high as part of the boot process, others must be high or low on boot but can be used after. This is actually quite a pain sometimes. It’s a great chip overall though and works well in C++.\n
        \n
        The Pro Micro uses an ATMEGA32 chip. I’m a huge AVR fan so I don’t have many bad things to say, I like it a lot. It is much slower than the other two chips though, and has less memory. Probably it’s best to use C++, but you ought to be able to use Assembly too if you like. The I/O on AVRs are really well-behaved and usually operate at the same speed as the chip, which is nice when you need precise timing! The best thing about it though, is it can use much less power than the other two options, if you use the sleep modes right. So you can build neat battery-powered applications. Finally AVRs have *excellent* datasheets – there’s rarely any ambiguity on exactly how any system on the chip works.\n
        \n
        Overall, I’d choose an RP2040 board if I wanted to use Python and do IoT/Robots/whatever (you can buy boards with or without WiFi), an ESP32 based board if I wanted to do IoT stuff in C++, and the Pro Micro if I wanted to do low-level, low power embedded stuff in C++ or assembly (and maybe branch out into other AVR chips). The C++ options mean you can use the Arduino IDE and their libraries.
        """
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    +body: """
      Holy shit (sorry)! You really know your stuff, or at the very least, I don’t know my stuff! I’ll keep in mind the stuff you said about the ESP32 and the ATMEGA, but I was more so referring to the editions of those dev boards that use the RP2040!\n
      \n
      [www.sparkfun.com/products/18288](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/18288)[www.sparkfun.com/products/17745](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/17745)\n
      \n
      After reading a bit more, it seems that *pretty much* the only difference is the IO and other supporting hardware besides just the chips. If someone (me) were working on a project where solutions like these particularly-powerful microcontrollers are required, when would it make more sense to use one of these pre-made boards for computing rather than making your own PCB designs including the chip? Is it mostly for projects where extremely compact form factors (and/or other shenanigans) aren’t necessary?
      """
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            The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
            \n
            **Some useful resources:**\n
            \n
            1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
            2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
            3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
            4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
            5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
            6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
            \n
            **List of initial things to learn:**\n
            \n
            1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
            2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
            3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
            4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
            5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
            6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
            7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
            \n
            **Tools to buy:**\n
            \n
            1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
            2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
            3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
            4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
            5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
            \n
            **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
            \n
            1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
            2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
            3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
            \n
            **Other Stuff**:\n
            \n
            1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
            2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
            3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
            4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
            \n
            Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
            """
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        +body: "Oh wow! this is a lot of great detail! is Rust at all useful for embedded applications, or am i essentially restricted to C/C++? Is Adafruit also a good resource or not as much as the others? Also, besides the obvious differences in form factor and ease of use, what’s the objective difference between the RP2040 *chip,* and, for example, Sparkfun’s “Pro Micro” or “Thing Plus”, or is the ease-of-use *by itself* the main selling point?"
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      +body: """
        There are a lot of differences, but I’ll try and go over the high level ones. The RP2040 is a chip, and the others are boards – so I’ll compare the chips on them.\n
        \n
        The RP2040 chip is *really powerful* overall, and does some odd things with I/O that let you do a bunch of very fast, precise things. You also get a lot of I/O pins and they are very well-behaved. The main advantage though is that it works well in both Python and C++, and is well-supported.\n
        \n
        The ESP32 based board (Thing Plus) has integrated WiFi. The ESP32 is a great chip, I use it a lot, but it has some unfortunate quirks. First, it has a very high clock speed and decent memory, making it quite powerful. However, if you glitch out the network stack via your code, it can have some problems with unexpected resets. This was much worse with the earlier-generation ESP8266. Secondly, the I/O work much more slowly than the system clock (if I recall correctly), and they are picky about what state they have on startup – some go high as part of the boot process, others must be high or low on boot but can be used after. This is actually quite a pain sometimes. It’s a great chip overall though and works well in C++.\n
        \n
        The Pro Micro uses an ATMEGA32 chip. I’m a huge AVR fan so I don’t have many bad things to say, I like it a lot. It is much slower than the other two chips though, and has less memory. Probably it’s best to use C++, but you ought to be able to use Assembly too if you like. The I/O on AVRs are really well-behaved and usually operate at the same speed as the chip, which is nice when you need precise timing! The best thing about it though, is it can use much less power than the other two options, if you use the sleep modes right. So you can build neat battery-powered applications. Finally AVRs have *excellent* datasheets – there’s rarely any ambiguity on exactly how any system on the chip works.\n
        \n
        Overall, I’d choose an RP2040 board if I wanted to use Python and do IoT/Robots/whatever (you can buy boards with or without WiFi), an ESP32 based board if I wanted to do IoT stuff in C++, and the Pro Micro if I wanted to do low-level, low power embedded stuff in C++ or assembly (and maybe branch out into other AVR chips). The C++ options mean you can use the Arduino IDE and their libraries.
        """
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      Holy shit (sorry)! You really know your stuff, or at the very least, I don’t know my stuff! I’ll keep in mind the stuff you said about the ESP32 and the ATMEGA, but I was more so referring to the editions of those dev boards that use the RP2040!\n
      \n
      [www.sparkfun.com/products/18288](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/18288)[www.sparkfun.com/products/17745](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/17745)\n
      \n
      After reading a bit more, it seems that *pretty much* the only difference is the IO and other supporting hardware besides just the chips. If someone (me) were working on a project where solutions like these particularly-powerful microcontrollers are required, when would it make more sense to use one of these pre-made boards for computing rather than making your own PCB designs including the chip? Is it mostly for projects where extremely compact form factors (and/or other shenanigans) aren’t necessary?
      """
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            The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
            \n
            **Some useful resources:**\n
            \n
            1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
            2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
            3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
            4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
            5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
            6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
            \n
            **List of initial things to learn:**\n
            \n
            1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
            2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
            3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
            4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
            5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
            6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
            7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
            \n
            **Tools to buy:**\n
            \n
            1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
            2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
            3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
            4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
            5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
            \n
            **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
            \n
            1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
            2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
            3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
            \n
            **Other Stuff**:\n
            \n
            1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
            2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
            3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
            4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
            \n
            Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
            """
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        +body: "Oh wow! this is a lot of great detail! is Rust at all useful for embedded applications, or am i essentially restricted to C/C++? Is Adafruit also a good resource or not as much as the others? Also, besides the obvious differences in form factor and ease of use, what’s the objective difference between the RP2040 *chip,* and, for example, Sparkfun’s “Pro Micro” or “Thing Plus”, or is the ease-of-use *by itself* the main selling point?"
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        There are a lot of differences, but I’ll try and go over the high level ones. The RP2040 is a chip, and the others are boards – so I’ll compare the chips on them.\n
        \n
        The RP2040 chip is *really powerful* overall, and does some odd things with I/O that let you do a bunch of very fast, precise things. You also get a lot of I/O pins and they are very well-behaved. The main advantage though is that it works well in both Python and C++, and is well-supported.\n
        \n
        The ESP32 based board (Thing Plus) has integrated WiFi. The ESP32 is a great chip, I use it a lot, but it has some unfortunate quirks. First, it has a very high clock speed and decent memory, making it quite powerful. However, if you glitch out the network stack via your code, it can have some problems with unexpected resets. This was much worse with the earlier-generation ESP8266. Secondly, the I/O work much more slowly than the system clock (if I recall correctly), and they are picky about what state they have on startup – some go high as part of the boot process, others must be high or low on boot but can be used after. This is actually quite a pain sometimes. It’s a great chip overall though and works well in C++.\n
        \n
        The Pro Micro uses an ATMEGA32 chip. I’m a huge AVR fan so I don’t have many bad things to say, I like it a lot. It is much slower than the other two chips though, and has less memory. Probably it’s best to use C++, but you ought to be able to use Assembly too if you like. The I/O on AVRs are really well-behaved and usually operate at the same speed as the chip, which is nice when you need precise timing! The best thing about it though, is it can use much less power than the other two options, if you use the sleep modes right. So you can build neat battery-powered applications. Finally AVRs have *excellent* datasheets – there’s rarely any ambiguity on exactly how any system on the chip works.\n
        \n
        Overall, I’d choose an RP2040 board if I wanted to use Python and do IoT/Robots/whatever (you can buy boards with or without WiFi), an ESP32 based board if I wanted to do IoT stuff in C++, and the Pro Micro if I wanted to do low-level, low power embedded stuff in C++ or assembly (and maybe branch out into other AVR chips). The C++ options mean you can use the Arduino IDE and their libraries.
        """
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      Holy shit (sorry)! You really know your stuff, or at the very least, I don’t know my stuff! I’ll keep in mind the stuff you said about the ESP32 and the ATMEGA, but I was more so referring to the editions of those dev boards that use the RP2040!\n
      \n
      [www.sparkfun.com/products/18288](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/18288)[www.sparkfun.com/products/17745](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/17745)\n
      \n
      After reading a bit more, it seems that *pretty much* the only difference is the IO and other supporting hardware besides just the chips. If someone (me) were working on a project where solutions like these particularly-powerful microcontrollers are required, when would it make more sense to use one of these pre-made boards for computing rather than making your own PCB designs including the chip? Is it mostly for projects where extremely compact form factors (and/or other shenanigans) aren’t necessary?
      """
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            The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
            \n
            **Some useful resources:**\n
            \n
            1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
            2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
            3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
            4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
            5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
            6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
            \n
            **List of initial things to learn:**\n
            \n
            1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
            2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
            3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
            4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
            5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
            6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
            7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
            \n
            **Tools to buy:**\n
            \n
            1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
            2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
            3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
            4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
            5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
            \n
            **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
            \n
            1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
            2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
            3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
            \n
            **Other Stuff**:\n
            \n
            1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
            2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
            3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
            4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
            \n
            Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
            """
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        +body: "Oh wow! this is a lot of great detail! is Rust at all useful for embedded applications, or am i essentially restricted to C/C++? Is Adafruit also a good resource or not as much as the others? Also, besides the obvious differences in form factor and ease of use, what’s the objective difference between the RP2040 *chip,* and, for example, Sparkfun’s “Pro Micro” or “Thing Plus”, or is the ease-of-use *by itself* the main selling point?"
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      +body: """
        There are a lot of differences, but I’ll try and go over the high level ones. The RP2040 is a chip, and the others are boards – so I’ll compare the chips on them.\n
        \n
        The RP2040 chip is *really powerful* overall, and does some odd things with I/O that let you do a bunch of very fast, precise things. You also get a lot of I/O pins and they are very well-behaved. The main advantage though is that it works well in both Python and C++, and is well-supported.\n
        \n
        The ESP32 based board (Thing Plus) has integrated WiFi. The ESP32 is a great chip, I use it a lot, but it has some unfortunate quirks. First, it has a very high clock speed and decent memory, making it quite powerful. However, if you glitch out the network stack via your code, it can have some problems with unexpected resets. This was much worse with the earlier-generation ESP8266. Secondly, the I/O work much more slowly than the system clock (if I recall correctly), and they are picky about what state they have on startup – some go high as part of the boot process, others must be high or low on boot but can be used after. This is actually quite a pain sometimes. It’s a great chip overall though and works well in C++.\n
        \n
        The Pro Micro uses an ATMEGA32 chip. I’m a huge AVR fan so I don’t have many bad things to say, I like it a lot. It is much slower than the other two chips though, and has less memory. Probably it’s best to use C++, but you ought to be able to use Assembly too if you like. The I/O on AVRs are really well-behaved and usually operate at the same speed as the chip, which is nice when you need precise timing! The best thing about it though, is it can use much less power than the other two options, if you use the sleep modes right. So you can build neat battery-powered applications. Finally AVRs have *excellent* datasheets – there’s rarely any ambiguity on exactly how any system on the chip works.\n
        \n
        Overall, I’d choose an RP2040 board if I wanted to use Python and do IoT/Robots/whatever (you can buy boards with or without WiFi), an ESP32 based board if I wanted to do IoT stuff in C++, and the Pro Micro if I wanted to do low-level, low power embedded stuff in C++ or assembly (and maybe branch out into other AVR chips). The C++ options mean you can use the Arduino IDE and their libraries.
        """
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    +body: """
      Holy shit (sorry)! You really know your stuff, or at the very least, I don’t know my stuff! I’ll keep in mind the stuff you said about the ESP32 and the ATMEGA, but I was more so referring to the editions of those dev boards that use the RP2040!\n
      \n
      [www.sparkfun.com/products/18288](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/18288)[www.sparkfun.com/products/17745](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/17745)\n
      \n
      After reading a bit more, it seems that *pretty much* the only difference is the IO and other supporting hardware besides just the chips. If someone (me) were working on a project where solutions like these particularly-powerful microcontrollers are required, when would it make more sense to use one of these pre-made boards for computing rather than making your own PCB designs including the chip? Is it mostly for projects where extremely compact form factors (and/or other shenanigans) aren’t necessary?
      """
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            The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
            \n
            **Some useful resources:**\n
            \n
            1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
            2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
            3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
            4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
            5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
            6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
            \n
            **List of initial things to learn:**\n
            \n
            1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
            2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
            3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
            4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
            5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
            6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
            7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
            \n
            **Tools to buy:**\n
            \n
            1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
            2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
            3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
            4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
            5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
            \n
            **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
            \n
            1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
            2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
            3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
            \n
            **Other Stuff**:\n
            \n
            1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
            2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
            3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
            4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
            \n
            Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
            """
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        +body: "Oh wow! this is a lot of great detail! is Rust at all useful for embedded applications, or am i essentially restricted to C/C++? Is Adafruit also a good resource or not as much as the others? Also, besides the obvious differences in form factor and ease of use, what’s the objective difference between the RP2040 *chip,* and, for example, Sparkfun’s “Pro Micro” or “Thing Plus”, or is the ease-of-use *by itself* the main selling point?"
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      +body: """
        There are a lot of differences, but I’ll try and go over the high level ones. The RP2040 is a chip, and the others are boards – so I’ll compare the chips on them.\n
        \n
        The RP2040 chip is *really powerful* overall, and does some odd things with I/O that let you do a bunch of very fast, precise things. You also get a lot of I/O pins and they are very well-behaved. The main advantage though is that it works well in both Python and C++, and is well-supported.\n
        \n
        The ESP32 based board (Thing Plus) has integrated WiFi. The ESP32 is a great chip, I use it a lot, but it has some unfortunate quirks. First, it has a very high clock speed and decent memory, making it quite powerful. However, if you glitch out the network stack via your code, it can have some problems with unexpected resets. This was much worse with the earlier-generation ESP8266. Secondly, the I/O work much more slowly than the system clock (if I recall correctly), and they are picky about what state they have on startup – some go high as part of the boot process, others must be high or low on boot but can be used after. This is actually quite a pain sometimes. It’s a great chip overall though and works well in C++.\n
        \n
        The Pro Micro uses an ATMEGA32 chip. I’m a huge AVR fan so I don’t have many bad things to say, I like it a lot. It is much slower than the other two chips though, and has less memory. Probably it’s best to use C++, but you ought to be able to use Assembly too if you like. The I/O on AVRs are really well-behaved and usually operate at the same speed as the chip, which is nice when you need precise timing! The best thing about it though, is it can use much less power than the other two options, if you use the sleep modes right. So you can build neat battery-powered applications. Finally AVRs have *excellent* datasheets – there’s rarely any ambiguity on exactly how any system on the chip works.\n
        \n
        Overall, I’d choose an RP2040 board if I wanted to use Python and do IoT/Robots/whatever (you can buy boards with or without WiFi), an ESP32 based board if I wanted to do IoT stuff in C++, and the Pro Micro if I wanted to do low-level, low power embedded stuff in C++ or assembly (and maybe branch out into other AVR chips). The C++ options mean you can use the Arduino IDE and their libraries.
        """
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    +body: """
      Holy shit (sorry)! You really know your stuff, or at the very least, I don’t know my stuff! I’ll keep in mind the stuff you said about the ESP32 and the ATMEGA, but I was more so referring to the editions of those dev boards that use the RP2040!\n
      \n
      [www.sparkfun.com/products/18288](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/18288)[www.sparkfun.com/products/17745](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/17745)\n
      \n
      After reading a bit more, it seems that *pretty much* the only difference is the IO and other supporting hardware besides just the chips. If someone (me) were working on a project where solutions like these particularly-powerful microcontrollers are required, when would it make more sense to use one of these pre-made boards for computing rather than making your own PCB designs including the chip? Is it mostly for projects where extremely compact form factors (and/or other shenanigans) aren’t necessary?
      """
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              The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
              \n
              **Some useful resources:**\n
              \n
              1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
              2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
              3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
              4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
              5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
              6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
              \n
              **List of initial things to learn:**\n
              \n
              1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
              2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
              3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
              4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
              5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
              6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
              7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
              \n
              **Tools to buy:**\n
              \n
              1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
              2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
              3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
              4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
              5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
              \n
              **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
              \n
              1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
              2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
              3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
              \n
              **Other Stuff**:\n
              \n
              1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
              2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
              3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
              4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
              \n
              Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
              """
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          +body: "Oh wow! this is a lot of great detail! is Rust at all useful for embedded applications, or am i essentially restricted to C/C++? Is Adafruit also a good resource or not as much as the others? Also, besides the obvious differences in form factor and ease of use, what’s the objective difference between the RP2040 *chip,* and, for example, Sparkfun’s “Pro Micro” or “Thing Plus”, or is the ease-of-use *by itself* the main selling point?"
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          There are a lot of differences, but I’ll try and go over the high level ones. The RP2040 is a chip, and the others are boards – so I’ll compare the chips on them.\n
          \n
          The RP2040 chip is *really powerful* overall, and does some odd things with I/O that let you do a bunch of very fast, precise things. You also get a lot of I/O pins and they are very well-behaved. The main advantage though is that it works well in both Python and C++, and is well-supported.\n
          \n
          The ESP32 based board (Thing Plus) has integrated WiFi. The ESP32 is a great chip, I use it a lot, but it has some unfortunate quirks. First, it has a very high clock speed and decent memory, making it quite powerful. However, if you glitch out the network stack via your code, it can have some problems with unexpected resets. This was much worse with the earlier-generation ESP8266. Secondly, the I/O work much more slowly than the system clock (if I recall correctly), and they are picky about what state they have on startup – some go high as part of the boot process, others must be high or low on boot but can be used after. This is actually quite a pain sometimes. It’s a great chip overall though and works well in C++.\n
          \n
          The Pro Micro uses an ATMEGA32 chip. I’m a huge AVR fan so I don’t have many bad things to say, I like it a lot. It is much slower than the other two chips though, and has less memory. Probably it’s best to use C++, but you ought to be able to use Assembly too if you like. The I/O on AVRs are really well-behaved and usually operate at the same speed as the chip, which is nice when you need precise timing! The best thing about it though, is it can use much less power than the other two options, if you use the sleep modes right. So you can build neat battery-powered applications. Finally AVRs have *excellent* datasheets – there’s rarely any ambiguity on exactly how any system on the chip works.\n
          \n
          Overall, I’d choose an RP2040 board if I wanted to use Python and do IoT/Robots/whatever (you can buy boards with or without WiFi), an ESP32 based board if I wanted to do IoT stuff in C++, and the Pro Micro if I wanted to do low-level, low power embedded stuff in C++ or assembly (and maybe branch out into other AVR chips). The C++ options mean you can use the Arduino IDE and their libraries.
          """
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      +body: """
        Holy shit (sorry)! You really know your stuff, or at the very least, I don’t know my stuff! I’ll keep in mind the stuff you said about the ESP32 and the ATMEGA, but I was more so referring to the editions of those dev boards that use the RP2040!\n
        \n
        [www.sparkfun.com/products/18288](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/18288)[www.sparkfun.com/products/17745](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/17745)\n
        \n
        After reading a bit more, it seems that *pretty much* the only difference is the IO and other supporting hardware besides just the chips. If someone (me) were working on a project where solutions like these particularly-powerful microcontrollers are required, when would it make more sense to use one of these pre-made boards for computing rather than making your own PCB designs including the chip? Is it mostly for projects where extremely compact form factors (and/or other shenanigans) aren’t necessary?
        """
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    +body: """
      Glad to help :)\n
      \n
      Besides the I/O and supporting hardware, the clock speed is wildly different between these 3 chips – that’s worth considering. By that metric, the ATMEGA based designs are the slowest by far – although somewhat faster than you’d estimate since they usually operate 1 instruction per clock cycle, whereas the other chips are a few clock cycles per instruction (they are still way faster than the ATMEGA line though).\n
      \n
      Regarding pre-made boards vs. your own? I think there are three things to consider:\n
      \n
      1. Pre-made boards are awesome for prototyping. Making sure the damn thing will work (feature-complete) before designing your own board is a good idea. Then, make your first board with all features added in (this is important), but expect to iterate at least once (make revisions and order boards a second time). There’s no such thing as premature optimization in hardware design – it’s not like software where you can just design the core of an application and then build features as you go. This is why always designing prototypes to be feature-complete is a good workflow, and generic development boards are a good starting point for this.\n
      2. Designing your own board is really easy for AVRs. I do this all the time, lately with the Attiny10. Honestly there are a ton of AVR chips out there, and not all of them have affordable / popular development boards, so often it’s worth making your own for use in item 1 above (…really you just need at minimum power and a header to break out the pins for ISP programming). Then when you want to make your final widget, you just expand your development board design, which lets you make a really miniaturized and streamlined thing! You will need an ISP programmer though, like the AVR-ICE (which has a nasty but minor bug in the design – ping me before buying one and I’ll save you 2 days of headaches setting up).\n
      3. A neat trick is to design your own boards *and still use a dev board* (so making your own boards and buying premade dev boards *are not mutually exclusive options*). This is especially useful with the Pi Pico and ESP32 (where making a dev board is less beginner-friendly) – a cheatcode is “castellated mounting holes”. These let you solder (for example) a Pi Pico dev board directly to your own design as a surface-mount component. You can do this by just adding a socket and using header pins too, but SMT + castellated mounting holes lets you keep the design small and reliable.\n
      \n
      BTW when designing your own boards, committing to SMT parts (where possible) early on is one of the things I’m really glad I did. You don’t need much tooling to do it. Just a solder paste syringe, a toothpick or pin, some tweezers, and a hot air rework station (included in some soldering stations). Even 0402 parts (about the size of two grains of salt) are pretty easy to do by hand. It’s amazing the level of miniaturization that you can achieve these days this way, as a private individual with a very modest budget!\n
      \n
      Finally, the Arduino products are generally very good dev boards, whether or not you’re using the Arduino IDE (you can still program them ASM or non-Arduino C++). So for any chip that an Arduino exists for, it’s an excellent starting point – although you may want to design your own board one day to remove unnecessary stuff if it comes out cheaper and you go through a lot of them, or just for the experience.
      """
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              The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
              \n
              **Some useful resources:**\n
              \n
              1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
              2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
              3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
              4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
              5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
              6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
              \n
              **List of initial things to learn:**\n
              \n
              1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
              2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
              3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
              4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
              5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
              6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
              7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
              \n
              **Tools to buy:**\n
              \n
              1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
              2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
              3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
              4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
              5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
              \n
              **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
              \n
              1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
              2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
              3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
              \n
              **Other Stuff**:\n
              \n
              1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
              2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
              3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
              4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
              \n
              Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
              """
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          +body: "Oh wow! this is a lot of great detail! is Rust at all useful for embedded applications, or am i essentially restricted to C/C++? Is Adafruit also a good resource or not as much as the others? Also, besides the obvious differences in form factor and ease of use, what’s the objective difference between the RP2040 *chip,* and, for example, Sparkfun’s “Pro Micro” or “Thing Plus”, or is the ease-of-use *by itself* the main selling point?"
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          There are a lot of differences, but I’ll try and go over the high level ones. The RP2040 is a chip, and the others are boards – so I’ll compare the chips on them.\n
          \n
          The RP2040 chip is *really powerful* overall, and does some odd things with I/O that let you do a bunch of very fast, precise things. You also get a lot of I/O pins and they are very well-behaved. The main advantage though is that it works well in both Python and C++, and is well-supported.\n
          \n
          The ESP32 based board (Thing Plus) has integrated WiFi. The ESP32 is a great chip, I use it a lot, but it has some unfortunate quirks. First, it has a very high clock speed and decent memory, making it quite powerful. However, if you glitch out the network stack via your code, it can have some problems with unexpected resets. This was much worse with the earlier-generation ESP8266. Secondly, the I/O work much more slowly than the system clock (if I recall correctly), and they are picky about what state they have on startup – some go high as part of the boot process, others must be high or low on boot but can be used after. This is actually quite a pain sometimes. It’s a great chip overall though and works well in C++.\n
          \n
          The Pro Micro uses an ATMEGA32 chip. I’m a huge AVR fan so I don’t have many bad things to say, I like it a lot. It is much slower than the other two chips though, and has less memory. Probably it’s best to use C++, but you ought to be able to use Assembly too if you like. The I/O on AVRs are really well-behaved and usually operate at the same speed as the chip, which is nice when you need precise timing! The best thing about it though, is it can use much less power than the other two options, if you use the sleep modes right. So you can build neat battery-powered applications. Finally AVRs have *excellent* datasheets – there’s rarely any ambiguity on exactly how any system on the chip works.\n
          \n
          Overall, I’d choose an RP2040 board if I wanted to use Python and do IoT/Robots/whatever (you can buy boards with or without WiFi), an ESP32 based board if I wanted to do IoT stuff in C++, and the Pro Micro if I wanted to do low-level, low power embedded stuff in C++ or assembly (and maybe branch out into other AVR chips). The C++ options mean you can use the Arduino IDE and their libraries.
          """
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      +body: """
        Holy shit (sorry)! You really know your stuff, or at the very least, I don’t know my stuff! I’ll keep in mind the stuff you said about the ESP32 and the ATMEGA, but I was more so referring to the editions of those dev boards that use the RP2040!\n
        \n
        [www.sparkfun.com/products/18288](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/18288)[www.sparkfun.com/products/17745](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/17745)\n
        \n
        After reading a bit more, it seems that *pretty much* the only difference is the IO and other supporting hardware besides just the chips. If someone (me) were working on a project where solutions like these particularly-powerful microcontrollers are required, when would it make more sense to use one of these pre-made boards for computing rather than making your own PCB designs including the chip? Is it mostly for projects where extremely compact form factors (and/or other shenanigans) aren’t necessary?
        """
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    +body: """
      Glad to help :)\n
      \n
      Besides the I/O and supporting hardware, the clock speed is wildly different between these 3 chips – that’s worth considering. By that metric, the ATMEGA based designs are the slowest by far – although somewhat faster than you’d estimate since they usually operate 1 instruction per clock cycle, whereas the other chips are a few clock cycles per instruction (they are still way faster than the ATMEGA line though).\n
      \n
      Regarding pre-made boards vs. your own? I think there are three things to consider:\n
      \n
      1. Pre-made boards are awesome for prototyping. Making sure the damn thing will work (feature-complete) before designing your own board is a good idea. Then, make your first board with all features added in (this is important), but expect to iterate at least once (make revisions and order boards a second time). There’s no such thing as premature optimization in hardware design – it’s not like software where you can just design the core of an application and then build features as you go. This is why always designing prototypes to be feature-complete is a good workflow, and generic development boards are a good starting point for this.\n
      2. Designing your own board is really easy for AVRs. I do this all the time, lately with the Attiny10. Honestly there are a ton of AVR chips out there, and not all of them have affordable / popular development boards, so often it’s worth making your own for use in item 1 above (…really you just need at minimum power and a header to break out the pins for ISP programming). Then when you want to make your final widget, you just expand your development board design, which lets you make a really miniaturized and streamlined thing! You will need an ISP programmer though, like the AVR-ICE (which has a nasty but minor bug in the design – ping me before buying one and I’ll save you 2 days of headaches setting up).\n
      3. A neat trick is to design your own boards *and still use a dev board* (so making your own boards and buying premade dev boards *are not mutually exclusive options*). This is especially useful with the Pi Pico and ESP32 (where making a dev board is less beginner-friendly) – a cheatcode is “castellated mounting holes”. These let you solder (for example) a Pi Pico dev board directly to your own design as a surface-mount component. You can do this by just adding a socket and using header pins too, but SMT + castellated mounting holes lets you keep the design small and reliable.\n
      \n
      BTW when designing your own boards, committing to SMT parts (where possible) early on is one of the things I’m really glad I did. You don’t need much tooling to do it. Just a solder paste syringe, a toothpick or pin, some tweezers, and a hot air rework station (included in some soldering stations). Even 0402 parts (about the size of two grains of salt) are pretty easy to do by hand. It’s amazing the level of miniaturization that you can achieve these days this way, as a private individual with a very modest budget!\n
      \n
      Finally, the Arduino products are generally very good dev boards, whether or not you’re using the Arduino IDE (you can still program them ASM or non-Arduino C++). So for any chip that an Arduino exists for, it’s an excellent starting point – although you may want to design your own board one day to remove unnecessary stuff if it comes out cheaper and you go through a lot of them, or just for the experience.
      """
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  "date" => DateTimeImmutable @1697164401 {#4598
    date: 2023-10-13 04:33:21.0 +02:00
  }
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\DateComponent {#7609
  +date: DateTimeImmutable @1697164401 {#4598
    date: 2023-10-13 04:33:21.0 +02:00
  }
}
date_edited App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent 12.0 MiB 3.73 ms
Input props
[
  "createdAt" => DateTimeImmutable @1697164401 {#4598
    date: 2023-10-13 04:33:21.0 +02:00
  }
  "editedAt" => null
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent {#7663
  +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1697164401 {#4598
    date: 2023-10-13 04:33:21.0 +02:00
  }
  +editedAt: null
}
user_avatar App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent 12.0 MiB 0.17 ms
Input props
[
  "user" => App\Entity\User {#3963
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "Saigonauticon@voltage.vn"
    +username: "@Saigonauticon@voltage.vn"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1703981706 {#4020
      date: 2023-12-31 01:15:06.0 +01:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
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    +hideAdult: true
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    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
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    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: false
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    +notifyOnNewPostReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: false
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
    +isVerified: false
    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3964 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3966 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3959 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3957 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3954 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3952 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3950 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3947 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3945 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3943 …}
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    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3938 …}
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    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4073 …}
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    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4062 …}
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    +apFollowersUrl: null
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    +apDiscoverable: true
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    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
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      date: 2024-03-04 21:32:16.0 +01:00
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    +apDeletedAt: null
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    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1686890246 {#4017
      date: 2023-06-16 06:37:26.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  "width" => 40
  "height" => 40
  "asLink" => true
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent {#5156
  +width: 40
  +height: 40
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    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "Saigonauticon@voltage.vn"
    +username: "@Saigonauticon@voltage.vn"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1703981706 {#4020
      date: 2023-12-31 01:15:06.0 +01:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
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    +isBot: false
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    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3964 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3966 …}
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    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3957 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3954 …}
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    -totpSecret: null
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    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4062 …}
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    +privateKey: null
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      date: 2024-03-04 21:32:16.0 +01:00
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    +apDeletedAt: null
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      date: 2023-06-16 06:37:26.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  +asLink: true
}
vote App\Twig\Components\VoteComponent 12.0 MiB 0.66 ms
Input props
[
  "subject" => App\Entity\EntryComment {#4599
    +user: App\Entity\User {#3963
      +avatar: null
      +cover: null
      +email: "Saigonauticon@voltage.vn"
      +username: "@Saigonauticon@voltage.vn"
      +roles: []
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        date: 2023-12-31 01:15:06.0 +01:00
      }
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      +customCss: null
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      +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3966 …}
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      +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#3957 …}
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      +privateKey: null
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        date: 2024-03-04 21:32:16.0 +01:00
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      +visibility: "visible             "
      +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1686890246 {#4017
        date: 2023-06-16 06:37:26.0 +02:00
      }
    }
    +entry: App\Entity\Entry {#2388
      +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1943
        +avatar: null
        +cover: null
        +email: "AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
        +username: "@AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
        +roles: []
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        +about: """
          `they/them`\n
          \n
          A backend developer mainly using Rust, though I’ve been messing around with JVM languages as of late. I play lots of video games too :)\n
          \n
          Mastodon: [@azzydev@tech.lgbt](https://tech.lgbt/users/azzydev)Matrix: [@azzydev:hackliberty.org](https://matrix.to/#/@azzydev:hackliberty.org)
          """
        +lastActive: DateTime @1697384866 {#1516
          date: 2023-10-15 17:47:46.0 +02:00
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        +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1632 …}
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        +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1710 …}
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        +privateKey: null
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          date: 2023-10-07 04:50:47.0 +02:00
        }
        +__isInitialized__: true
         …2
      }
      +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#266
        +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#247 …}
        +name: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
        +title: "askelectronics"
        +description: """
          **For questions about component-level electronic circuits, tools and equipment.**\n
          \n
          Rules\n
          -----\n
          \n
          1: Be nice.\n
          \n
          2: Be on-topic (eg: *Electronic*, not *electrical*).\n
          \n
          3: No commercial stuff, buying, selling or valuations.\n
          \n
          4: Be safe.\n
          \n
          ---
          """
        +rules: null
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        +markedForDeletionAt: null
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        +moderators: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#238 …}
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          date: 2023-06-19 05:13:29.0 +02:00
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      }
      +image: null
      +domain: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Domain {#1912 …}
      +slug: "How-should-I-get-started"
      +title: "How should I get started?"
      +url: null
      +body: "Hello y’all! I’ve always been interested in computers and programming for as long as i can remember, but recently i’ve decided to try to get into some of the deeper stuff behind that, into the wonderful world of electronics. Where should I start? What courses or books or youtube series should I consume? What are some high-quality forums, communities, blogs, etc. to learn from?"
      +type: "article"
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      +ip: null
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      +comments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1866 …}
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      +children: []
      -id: 3339
      -titleTs: "'get':4 'start':5"
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      +cross: false
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        date: 2023-10-07 04:50:45.0 +02:00
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    }
    +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#266}
    +image: null
    +parent: App\Entity\EntryComment {#4561
      +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1943 …2}
      +entry: App\Entity\Entry {#2388}
      +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#266}
      +image: null
      +parent: App\Entity\EntryComment {#4524
        +user: App\Entity\User {#3963}
        +entry: App\Entity\Entry {#2388}
        +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#266}
        +image: null
        +parent: App\Entity\EntryComment {#4471
          +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1943 …2}
          +entry: App\Entity\Entry {#2388}
          +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#266}
          +image: null
          +parent: App\Entity\EntryComment {#4015
            +user: App\Entity\User {#3963}
            +entry: App\Entity\Entry {#2388}
            +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#266}
            +image: null
            +parent: null
            +root: null
            +body: """
              The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
              \n
              **Some useful resources:**\n
              \n
              1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
              2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
              3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
              4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
              5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
              6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
              \n
              **List of initial things to learn:**\n
              \n
              1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
              2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
              3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
              4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
              5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
              6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
              7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
              \n
              **Tools to buy:**\n
              \n
              1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
              2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
              3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
              4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
              5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
              \n
              **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
              \n
              1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
              2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
              3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
              \n
              **Other Stuff**:\n
              \n
              1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
              2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
              3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
              4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
              \n
              Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
              """
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          +body: "Oh wow! this is a lot of great detail! is Rust at all useful for embedded applications, or am i essentially restricted to C/C++? Is Adafruit also a good resource or not as much as the others? Also, besides the obvious differences in form factor and ease of use, what’s the objective difference between the RP2040 *chip,* and, for example, Sparkfun’s “Pro Micro” or “Thing Plus”, or is the ease-of-use *by itself* the main selling point?"
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        +body: """
          There are a lot of differences, but I’ll try and go over the high level ones. The RP2040 is a chip, and the others are boards – so I’ll compare the chips on them.\n
          \n
          The RP2040 chip is *really powerful* overall, and does some odd things with I/O that let you do a bunch of very fast, precise things. You also get a lot of I/O pins and they are very well-behaved. The main advantage though is that it works well in both Python and C++, and is well-supported.\n
          \n
          The ESP32 based board (Thing Plus) has integrated WiFi. The ESP32 is a great chip, I use it a lot, but it has some unfortunate quirks. First, it has a very high clock speed and decent memory, making it quite powerful. However, if you glitch out the network stack via your code, it can have some problems with unexpected resets. This was much worse with the earlier-generation ESP8266. Secondly, the I/O work much more slowly than the system clock (if I recall correctly), and they are picky about what state they have on startup – some go high as part of the boot process, others must be high or low on boot but can be used after. This is actually quite a pain sometimes. It’s a great chip overall though and works well in C++.\n
          \n
          The Pro Micro uses an ATMEGA32 chip. I’m a huge AVR fan so I don’t have many bad things to say, I like it a lot. It is much slower than the other two chips though, and has less memory. Probably it’s best to use C++, but you ought to be able to use Assembly too if you like. The I/O on AVRs are really well-behaved and usually operate at the same speed as the chip, which is nice when you need precise timing! The best thing about it though, is it can use much less power than the other two options, if you use the sleep modes right. So you can build neat battery-powered applications. Finally AVRs have *excellent* datasheets – there’s rarely any ambiguity on exactly how any system on the chip works.\n
          \n
          Overall, I’d choose an RP2040 board if I wanted to use Python and do IoT/Robots/whatever (you can buy boards with or without WiFi), an ESP32 based board if I wanted to do IoT stuff in C++, and the Pro Micro if I wanted to do low-level, low power embedded stuff in C++ or assembly (and maybe branch out into other AVR chips). The C++ options mean you can use the Arduino IDE and their libraries.
          """
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      +body: """
        Holy shit (sorry)! You really know your stuff, or at the very least, I don’t know my stuff! I’ll keep in mind the stuff you said about the ESP32 and the ATMEGA, but I was more so referring to the editions of those dev boards that use the RP2040!\n
        \n
        [www.sparkfun.com/products/18288](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/18288)[www.sparkfun.com/products/17745](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/17745)\n
        \n
        After reading a bit more, it seems that *pretty much* the only difference is the IO and other supporting hardware besides just the chips. If someone (me) were working on a project where solutions like these particularly-powerful microcontrollers are required, when would it make more sense to use one of these pre-made boards for computing rather than making your own PCB designs including the chip? Is it mostly for projects where extremely compact form factors (and/or other shenanigans) aren’t necessary?
        """
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      Glad to help :)\n
      \n
      Besides the I/O and supporting hardware, the clock speed is wildly different between these 3 chips – that’s worth considering. By that metric, the ATMEGA based designs are the slowest by far – although somewhat faster than you’d estimate since they usually operate 1 instruction per clock cycle, whereas the other chips are a few clock cycles per instruction (they are still way faster than the ATMEGA line though).\n
      \n
      Regarding pre-made boards vs. your own? I think there are three things to consider:\n
      \n
      1. Pre-made boards are awesome for prototyping. Making sure the damn thing will work (feature-complete) before designing your own board is a good idea. Then, make your first board with all features added in (this is important), but expect to iterate at least once (make revisions and order boards a second time). There’s no such thing as premature optimization in hardware design – it’s not like software where you can just design the core of an application and then build features as you go. This is why always designing prototypes to be feature-complete is a good workflow, and generic development boards are a good starting point for this.\n
      2. Designing your own board is really easy for AVRs. I do this all the time, lately with the Attiny10. Honestly there are a ton of AVR chips out there, and not all of them have affordable / popular development boards, so often it’s worth making your own for use in item 1 above (…really you just need at minimum power and a header to break out the pins for ISP programming). Then when you want to make your final widget, you just expand your development board design, which lets you make a really miniaturized and streamlined thing! You will need an ISP programmer though, like the AVR-ICE (which has a nasty but minor bug in the design – ping me before buying one and I’ll save you 2 days of headaches setting up).\n
      3. A neat trick is to design your own boards *and still use a dev board* (so making your own boards and buying premade dev boards *are not mutually exclusive options*). This is especially useful with the Pi Pico and ESP32 (where making a dev board is less beginner-friendly) – a cheatcode is “castellated mounting holes”. These let you solder (for example) a Pi Pico dev board directly to your own design as a surface-mount component. You can do this by just adding a socket and using header pins too, but SMT + castellated mounting holes lets you keep the design small and reliable.\n
      \n
      BTW when designing your own boards, committing to SMT parts (where possible) early on is one of the things I’m really glad I did. You don’t need much tooling to do it. Just a solder paste syringe, a toothpick or pin, some tweezers, and a hot air rework station (included in some soldering stations). Even 0402 parts (about the size of two grains of salt) are pretty easy to do by hand. It’s amazing the level of miniaturization that you can achieve these days this way, as a private individual with a very modest budget!\n
      \n
      Finally, the Arduino products are generally very good dev boards, whether or not you’re using the Arduino IDE (you can still program them ASM or non-Arduino C++). So for any chip that an Arduino exists for, it’s an excellent starting point – although you may want to design your own board one day to remove unnecessary stuff if it comes out cheaper and you go through a lot of them, or just for the experience.
      """
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              The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
              \n
              **Some useful resources:**\n
              \n
              1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
              2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
              3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
              4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
              5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
              6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
              \n
              **List of initial things to learn:**\n
              \n
              1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
              2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
              3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
              4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
              5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
              6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
              7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
              \n
              **Tools to buy:**\n
              \n
              1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
              2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
              3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
              4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
              5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
              \n
              **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
              \n
              1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
              2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
              3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
              \n
              **Other Stuff**:\n
              \n
              1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
              2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
              3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
              4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
              \n
              Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
              """
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          +body: "Oh wow! this is a lot of great detail! is Rust at all useful for embedded applications, or am i essentially restricted to C/C++? Is Adafruit also a good resource or not as much as the others? Also, besides the obvious differences in form factor and ease of use, what’s the objective difference between the RP2040 *chip,* and, for example, Sparkfun’s “Pro Micro” or “Thing Plus”, or is the ease-of-use *by itself* the main selling point?"
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        +body: """
          There are a lot of differences, but I’ll try and go over the high level ones. The RP2040 is a chip, and the others are boards – so I’ll compare the chips on them.\n
          \n
          The RP2040 chip is *really powerful* overall, and does some odd things with I/O that let you do a bunch of very fast, precise things. You also get a lot of I/O pins and they are very well-behaved. The main advantage though is that it works well in both Python and C++, and is well-supported.\n
          \n
          The ESP32 based board (Thing Plus) has integrated WiFi. The ESP32 is a great chip, I use it a lot, but it has some unfortunate quirks. First, it has a very high clock speed and decent memory, making it quite powerful. However, if you glitch out the network stack via your code, it can have some problems with unexpected resets. This was much worse with the earlier-generation ESP8266. Secondly, the I/O work much more slowly than the system clock (if I recall correctly), and they are picky about what state they have on startup – some go high as part of the boot process, others must be high or low on boot but can be used after. This is actually quite a pain sometimes. It’s a great chip overall though and works well in C++.\n
          \n
          The Pro Micro uses an ATMEGA32 chip. I’m a huge AVR fan so I don’t have many bad things to say, I like it a lot. It is much slower than the other two chips though, and has less memory. Probably it’s best to use C++, but you ought to be able to use Assembly too if you like. The I/O on AVRs are really well-behaved and usually operate at the same speed as the chip, which is nice when you need precise timing! The best thing about it though, is it can use much less power than the other two options, if you use the sleep modes right. So you can build neat battery-powered applications. Finally AVRs have *excellent* datasheets – there’s rarely any ambiguity on exactly how any system on the chip works.\n
          \n
          Overall, I’d choose an RP2040 board if I wanted to use Python and do IoT/Robots/whatever (you can buy boards with or without WiFi), an ESP32 based board if I wanted to do IoT stuff in C++, and the Pro Micro if I wanted to do low-level, low power embedded stuff in C++ or assembly (and maybe branch out into other AVR chips). The C++ options mean you can use the Arduino IDE and their libraries.
          """
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      +body: """
        Holy shit (sorry)! You really know your stuff, or at the very least, I don’t know my stuff! I’ll keep in mind the stuff you said about the ESP32 and the ATMEGA, but I was more so referring to the editions of those dev boards that use the RP2040!\n
        \n
        [www.sparkfun.com/products/18288](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/18288)[www.sparkfun.com/products/17745](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/17745)\n
        \n
        After reading a bit more, it seems that *pretty much* the only difference is the IO and other supporting hardware besides just the chips. If someone (me) were working on a project where solutions like these particularly-powerful microcontrollers are required, when would it make more sense to use one of these pre-made boards for computing rather than making your own PCB designs including the chip? Is it mostly for projects where extremely compact form factors (and/or other shenanigans) aren’t necessary?
        """
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    +body: """
      Glad to help :)\n
      \n
      Besides the I/O and supporting hardware, the clock speed is wildly different between these 3 chips – that’s worth considering. By that metric, the ATMEGA based designs are the slowest by far – although somewhat faster than you’d estimate since they usually operate 1 instruction per clock cycle, whereas the other chips are a few clock cycles per instruction (they are still way faster than the ATMEGA line though).\n
      \n
      Regarding pre-made boards vs. your own? I think there are three things to consider:\n
      \n
      1. Pre-made boards are awesome for prototyping. Making sure the damn thing will work (feature-complete) before designing your own board is a good idea. Then, make your first board with all features added in (this is important), but expect to iterate at least once (make revisions and order boards a second time). There’s no such thing as premature optimization in hardware design – it’s not like software where you can just design the core of an application and then build features as you go. This is why always designing prototypes to be feature-complete is a good workflow, and generic development boards are a good starting point for this.\n
      2. Designing your own board is really easy for AVRs. I do this all the time, lately with the Attiny10. Honestly there are a ton of AVR chips out there, and not all of them have affordable / popular development boards, so often it’s worth making your own for use in item 1 above (…really you just need at minimum power and a header to break out the pins for ISP programming). Then when you want to make your final widget, you just expand your development board design, which lets you make a really miniaturized and streamlined thing! You will need an ISP programmer though, like the AVR-ICE (which has a nasty but minor bug in the design – ping me before buying one and I’ll save you 2 days of headaches setting up).\n
      3. A neat trick is to design your own boards *and still use a dev board* (so making your own boards and buying premade dev boards *are not mutually exclusive options*). This is especially useful with the Pi Pico and ESP32 (where making a dev board is less beginner-friendly) – a cheatcode is “castellated mounting holes”. These let you solder (for example) a Pi Pico dev board directly to your own design as a surface-mount component. You can do this by just adding a socket and using header pins too, but SMT + castellated mounting holes lets you keep the design small and reliable.\n
      \n
      BTW when designing your own boards, committing to SMT parts (where possible) early on is one of the things I’m really glad I did. You don’t need much tooling to do it. Just a solder paste syringe, a toothpick or pin, some tweezers, and a hot air rework station (included in some soldering stations). Even 0402 parts (about the size of two grains of salt) are pretty easy to do by hand. It’s amazing the level of miniaturization that you can achieve these days this way, as a private individual with a very modest budget!\n
      \n
      Finally, the Arduino products are generally very good dev boards, whether or not you’re using the Arduino IDE (you can still program them ASM or non-Arduino C++). So for any chip that an Arduino exists for, it’s an excellent starting point – although you may want to design your own board one day to remove unnecessary stuff if it comes out cheaper and you go through a lot of them, or just for the experience.
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              The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
              \n
              **Some useful resources:**\n
              \n
              1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
              2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
              3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
              4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
              5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
              6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
              \n
              **List of initial things to learn:**\n
              \n
              1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
              2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
              3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
              4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
              5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
              6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
              7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
              \n
              **Tools to buy:**\n
              \n
              1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
              2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
              3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
              4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
              5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
              \n
              **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
              \n
              1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
              2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
              3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
              \n
              **Other Stuff**:\n
              \n
              1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
              2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
              3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
              4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
              \n
              Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
              """
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          +body: "Oh wow! this is a lot of great detail! is Rust at all useful for embedded applications, or am i essentially restricted to C/C++? Is Adafruit also a good resource or not as much as the others? Also, besides the obvious differences in form factor and ease of use, what’s the objective difference between the RP2040 *chip,* and, for example, Sparkfun’s “Pro Micro” or “Thing Plus”, or is the ease-of-use *by itself* the main selling point?"
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        +body: """
          There are a lot of differences, but I’ll try and go over the high level ones. The RP2040 is a chip, and the others are boards – so I’ll compare the chips on them.\n
          \n
          The RP2040 chip is *really powerful* overall, and does some odd things with I/O that let you do a bunch of very fast, precise things. You also get a lot of I/O pins and they are very well-behaved. The main advantage though is that it works well in both Python and C++, and is well-supported.\n
          \n
          The ESP32 based board (Thing Plus) has integrated WiFi. The ESP32 is a great chip, I use it a lot, but it has some unfortunate quirks. First, it has a very high clock speed and decent memory, making it quite powerful. However, if you glitch out the network stack via your code, it can have some problems with unexpected resets. This was much worse with the earlier-generation ESP8266. Secondly, the I/O work much more slowly than the system clock (if I recall correctly), and they are picky about what state they have on startup – some go high as part of the boot process, others must be high or low on boot but can be used after. This is actually quite a pain sometimes. It’s a great chip overall though and works well in C++.\n
          \n
          The Pro Micro uses an ATMEGA32 chip. I’m a huge AVR fan so I don’t have many bad things to say, I like it a lot. It is much slower than the other two chips though, and has less memory. Probably it’s best to use C++, but you ought to be able to use Assembly too if you like. The I/O on AVRs are really well-behaved and usually operate at the same speed as the chip, which is nice when you need precise timing! The best thing about it though, is it can use much less power than the other two options, if you use the sleep modes right. So you can build neat battery-powered applications. Finally AVRs have *excellent* datasheets – there’s rarely any ambiguity on exactly how any system on the chip works.\n
          \n
          Overall, I’d choose an RP2040 board if I wanted to use Python and do IoT/Robots/whatever (you can buy boards with or without WiFi), an ESP32 based board if I wanted to do IoT stuff in C++, and the Pro Micro if I wanted to do low-level, low power embedded stuff in C++ or assembly (and maybe branch out into other AVR chips). The C++ options mean you can use the Arduino IDE and their libraries.
          """
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      +body: """
        Holy shit (sorry)! You really know your stuff, or at the very least, I don’t know my stuff! I’ll keep in mind the stuff you said about the ESP32 and the ATMEGA, but I was more so referring to the editions of those dev boards that use the RP2040!\n
        \n
        [www.sparkfun.com/products/18288](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/18288)[www.sparkfun.com/products/17745](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/17745)\n
        \n
        After reading a bit more, it seems that *pretty much* the only difference is the IO and other supporting hardware besides just the chips. If someone (me) were working on a project where solutions like these particularly-powerful microcontrollers are required, when would it make more sense to use one of these pre-made boards for computing rather than making your own PCB designs including the chip? Is it mostly for projects where extremely compact form factors (and/or other shenanigans) aren’t necessary?
        """
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    +body: """
      Glad to help :)\n
      \n
      Besides the I/O and supporting hardware, the clock speed is wildly different between these 3 chips – that’s worth considering. By that metric, the ATMEGA based designs are the slowest by far – although somewhat faster than you’d estimate since they usually operate 1 instruction per clock cycle, whereas the other chips are a few clock cycles per instruction (they are still way faster than the ATMEGA line though).\n
      \n
      Regarding pre-made boards vs. your own? I think there are three things to consider:\n
      \n
      1. Pre-made boards are awesome for prototyping. Making sure the damn thing will work (feature-complete) before designing your own board is a good idea. Then, make your first board with all features added in (this is important), but expect to iterate at least once (make revisions and order boards a second time). There’s no such thing as premature optimization in hardware design – it’s not like software where you can just design the core of an application and then build features as you go. This is why always designing prototypes to be feature-complete is a good workflow, and generic development boards are a good starting point for this.\n
      2. Designing your own board is really easy for AVRs. I do this all the time, lately with the Attiny10. Honestly there are a ton of AVR chips out there, and not all of them have affordable / popular development boards, so often it’s worth making your own for use in item 1 above (…really you just need at minimum power and a header to break out the pins for ISP programming). Then when you want to make your final widget, you just expand your development board design, which lets you make a really miniaturized and streamlined thing! You will need an ISP programmer though, like the AVR-ICE (which has a nasty but minor bug in the design – ping me before buying one and I’ll save you 2 days of headaches setting up).\n
      3. A neat trick is to design your own boards *and still use a dev board* (so making your own boards and buying premade dev boards *are not mutually exclusive options*). This is especially useful with the Pi Pico and ESP32 (where making a dev board is less beginner-friendly) – a cheatcode is “castellated mounting holes”. These let you solder (for example) a Pi Pico dev board directly to your own design as a surface-mount component. You can do this by just adding a socket and using header pins too, but SMT + castellated mounting holes lets you keep the design small and reliable.\n
      \n
      BTW when designing your own boards, committing to SMT parts (where possible) early on is one of the things I’m really glad I did. You don’t need much tooling to do it. Just a solder paste syringe, a toothpick or pin, some tweezers, and a hot air rework station (included in some soldering stations). Even 0402 parts (about the size of two grains of salt) are pretty easy to do by hand. It’s amazing the level of miniaturization that you can achieve these days this way, as a private individual with a very modest budget!\n
      \n
      Finally, the Arduino products are generally very good dev boards, whether or not you’re using the Arduino IDE (you can still program them ASM or non-Arduino C++). So for any chip that an Arduino exists for, it’s an excellent starting point – although you may want to design your own board one day to remove unnecessary stuff if it comes out cheaper and you go through a lot of them, or just for the experience.
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              The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
              \n
              **Some useful resources:**\n
              \n
              1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
              2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
              3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
              4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
              5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
              6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
              \n
              **List of initial things to learn:**\n
              \n
              1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
              2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
              3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
              4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
              5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
              6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
              7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
              \n
              **Tools to buy:**\n
              \n
              1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
              2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
              3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
              4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
              5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
              \n
              **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
              \n
              1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
              2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
              3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
              \n
              **Other Stuff**:\n
              \n
              1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
              2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
              3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
              4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
              \n
              Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
              """
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          +body: "Oh wow! this is a lot of great detail! is Rust at all useful for embedded applications, or am i essentially restricted to C/C++? Is Adafruit also a good resource or not as much as the others? Also, besides the obvious differences in form factor and ease of use, what’s the objective difference between the RP2040 *chip,* and, for example, Sparkfun’s “Pro Micro” or “Thing Plus”, or is the ease-of-use *by itself* the main selling point?"
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        +body: """
          There are a lot of differences, but I’ll try and go over the high level ones. The RP2040 is a chip, and the others are boards – so I’ll compare the chips on them.\n
          \n
          The RP2040 chip is *really powerful* overall, and does some odd things with I/O that let you do a bunch of very fast, precise things. You also get a lot of I/O pins and they are very well-behaved. The main advantage though is that it works well in both Python and C++, and is well-supported.\n
          \n
          The ESP32 based board (Thing Plus) has integrated WiFi. The ESP32 is a great chip, I use it a lot, but it has some unfortunate quirks. First, it has a very high clock speed and decent memory, making it quite powerful. However, if you glitch out the network stack via your code, it can have some problems with unexpected resets. This was much worse with the earlier-generation ESP8266. Secondly, the I/O work much more slowly than the system clock (if I recall correctly), and they are picky about what state they have on startup – some go high as part of the boot process, others must be high or low on boot but can be used after. This is actually quite a pain sometimes. It’s a great chip overall though and works well in C++.\n
          \n
          The Pro Micro uses an ATMEGA32 chip. I’m a huge AVR fan so I don’t have many bad things to say, I like it a lot. It is much slower than the other two chips though, and has less memory. Probably it’s best to use C++, but you ought to be able to use Assembly too if you like. The I/O on AVRs are really well-behaved and usually operate at the same speed as the chip, which is nice when you need precise timing! The best thing about it though, is it can use much less power than the other two options, if you use the sleep modes right. So you can build neat battery-powered applications. Finally AVRs have *excellent* datasheets – there’s rarely any ambiguity on exactly how any system on the chip works.\n
          \n
          Overall, I’d choose an RP2040 board if I wanted to use Python and do IoT/Robots/whatever (you can buy boards with or without WiFi), an ESP32 based board if I wanted to do IoT stuff in C++, and the Pro Micro if I wanted to do low-level, low power embedded stuff in C++ or assembly (and maybe branch out into other AVR chips). The C++ options mean you can use the Arduino IDE and their libraries.
          """
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      +body: """
        Holy shit (sorry)! You really know your stuff, or at the very least, I don’t know my stuff! I’ll keep in mind the stuff you said about the ESP32 and the ATMEGA, but I was more so referring to the editions of those dev boards that use the RP2040!\n
        \n
        [www.sparkfun.com/products/18288](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/18288)[www.sparkfun.com/products/17745](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/17745)\n
        \n
        After reading a bit more, it seems that *pretty much* the only difference is the IO and other supporting hardware besides just the chips. If someone (me) were working on a project where solutions like these particularly-powerful microcontrollers are required, when would it make more sense to use one of these pre-made boards for computing rather than making your own PCB designs including the chip? Is it mostly for projects where extremely compact form factors (and/or other shenanigans) aren’t necessary?
        """
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    +body: """
      Glad to help :)\n
      \n
      Besides the I/O and supporting hardware, the clock speed is wildly different between these 3 chips – that’s worth considering. By that metric, the ATMEGA based designs are the slowest by far – although somewhat faster than you’d estimate since they usually operate 1 instruction per clock cycle, whereas the other chips are a few clock cycles per instruction (they are still way faster than the ATMEGA line though).\n
      \n
      Regarding pre-made boards vs. your own? I think there are three things to consider:\n
      \n
      1. Pre-made boards are awesome for prototyping. Making sure the damn thing will work (feature-complete) before designing your own board is a good idea. Then, make your first board with all features added in (this is important), but expect to iterate at least once (make revisions and order boards a second time). There’s no such thing as premature optimization in hardware design – it’s not like software where you can just design the core of an application and then build features as you go. This is why always designing prototypes to be feature-complete is a good workflow, and generic development boards are a good starting point for this.\n
      2. Designing your own board is really easy for AVRs. I do this all the time, lately with the Attiny10. Honestly there are a ton of AVR chips out there, and not all of them have affordable / popular development boards, so often it’s worth making your own for use in item 1 above (…really you just need at minimum power and a header to break out the pins for ISP programming). Then when you want to make your final widget, you just expand your development board design, which lets you make a really miniaturized and streamlined thing! You will need an ISP programmer though, like the AVR-ICE (which has a nasty but minor bug in the design – ping me before buying one and I’ll save you 2 days of headaches setting up).\n
      3. A neat trick is to design your own boards *and still use a dev board* (so making your own boards and buying premade dev boards *are not mutually exclusive options*). This is especially useful with the Pi Pico and ESP32 (where making a dev board is less beginner-friendly) – a cheatcode is “castellated mounting holes”. These let you solder (for example) a Pi Pico dev board directly to your own design as a surface-mount component. You can do this by just adding a socket and using header pins too, but SMT + castellated mounting holes lets you keep the design small and reliable.\n
      \n
      BTW when designing your own boards, committing to SMT parts (where possible) early on is one of the things I’m really glad I did. You don’t need much tooling to do it. Just a solder paste syringe, a toothpick or pin, some tweezers, and a hot air rework station (included in some soldering stations). Even 0402 parts (about the size of two grains of salt) are pretty easy to do by hand. It’s amazing the level of miniaturization that you can achieve these days this way, as a private individual with a very modest budget!\n
      \n
      Finally, the Arduino products are generally very good dev boards, whether or not you’re using the Arduino IDE (you can still program them ASM or non-Arduino C++). So for any chip that an Arduino exists for, it’s an excellent starting point – although you may want to design your own board one day to remove unnecessary stuff if it comes out cheaper and you go through a lot of them, or just for the experience.
      """
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              The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
              \n
              **Some useful resources:**\n
              \n
              1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
              2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
              3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
              4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
              5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
              6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
              \n
              **List of initial things to learn:**\n
              \n
              1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
              2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
              3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
              4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
              5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
              6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
              7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
              \n
              **Tools to buy:**\n
              \n
              1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
              2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
              3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
              4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
              5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
              \n
              **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
              \n
              1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
              2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
              3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
              \n
              **Other Stuff**:\n
              \n
              1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
              2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
              3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
              4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
              \n
              Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
              """
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          +body: "Oh wow! this is a lot of great detail! is Rust at all useful for embedded applications, or am i essentially restricted to C/C++? Is Adafruit also a good resource or not as much as the others? Also, besides the obvious differences in form factor and ease of use, what’s the objective difference between the RP2040 *chip,* and, for example, Sparkfun’s “Pro Micro” or “Thing Plus”, or is the ease-of-use *by itself* the main selling point?"
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        +body: """
          There are a lot of differences, but I’ll try and go over the high level ones. The RP2040 is a chip, and the others are boards – so I’ll compare the chips on them.\n
          \n
          The RP2040 chip is *really powerful* overall, and does some odd things with I/O that let you do a bunch of very fast, precise things. You also get a lot of I/O pins and they are very well-behaved. The main advantage though is that it works well in both Python and C++, and is well-supported.\n
          \n
          The ESP32 based board (Thing Plus) has integrated WiFi. The ESP32 is a great chip, I use it a lot, but it has some unfortunate quirks. First, it has a very high clock speed and decent memory, making it quite powerful. However, if you glitch out the network stack via your code, it can have some problems with unexpected resets. This was much worse with the earlier-generation ESP8266. Secondly, the I/O work much more slowly than the system clock (if I recall correctly), and they are picky about what state they have on startup – some go high as part of the boot process, others must be high or low on boot but can be used after. This is actually quite a pain sometimes. It’s a great chip overall though and works well in C++.\n
          \n
          The Pro Micro uses an ATMEGA32 chip. I’m a huge AVR fan so I don’t have many bad things to say, I like it a lot. It is much slower than the other two chips though, and has less memory. Probably it’s best to use C++, but you ought to be able to use Assembly too if you like. The I/O on AVRs are really well-behaved and usually operate at the same speed as the chip, which is nice when you need precise timing! The best thing about it though, is it can use much less power than the other two options, if you use the sleep modes right. So you can build neat battery-powered applications. Finally AVRs have *excellent* datasheets – there’s rarely any ambiguity on exactly how any system on the chip works.\n
          \n
          Overall, I’d choose an RP2040 board if I wanted to use Python and do IoT/Robots/whatever (you can buy boards with or without WiFi), an ESP32 based board if I wanted to do IoT stuff in C++, and the Pro Micro if I wanted to do low-level, low power embedded stuff in C++ or assembly (and maybe branch out into other AVR chips). The C++ options mean you can use the Arduino IDE and their libraries.
          """
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      +body: """
        Holy shit (sorry)! You really know your stuff, or at the very least, I don’t know my stuff! I’ll keep in mind the stuff you said about the ESP32 and the ATMEGA, but I was more so referring to the editions of those dev boards that use the RP2040!\n
        \n
        [www.sparkfun.com/products/18288](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/18288)[www.sparkfun.com/products/17745](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/17745)\n
        \n
        After reading a bit more, it seems that *pretty much* the only difference is the IO and other supporting hardware besides just the chips. If someone (me) were working on a project where solutions like these particularly-powerful microcontrollers are required, when would it make more sense to use one of these pre-made boards for computing rather than making your own PCB designs including the chip? Is it mostly for projects where extremely compact form factors (and/or other shenanigans) aren’t necessary?
        """
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    +body: """
      Glad to help :)\n
      \n
      Besides the I/O and supporting hardware, the clock speed is wildly different between these 3 chips – that’s worth considering. By that metric, the ATMEGA based designs are the slowest by far – although somewhat faster than you’d estimate since they usually operate 1 instruction per clock cycle, whereas the other chips are a few clock cycles per instruction (they are still way faster than the ATMEGA line though).\n
      \n
      Regarding pre-made boards vs. your own? I think there are three things to consider:\n
      \n
      1. Pre-made boards are awesome for prototyping. Making sure the damn thing will work (feature-complete) before designing your own board is a good idea. Then, make your first board with all features added in (this is important), but expect to iterate at least once (make revisions and order boards a second time). There’s no such thing as premature optimization in hardware design – it’s not like software where you can just design the core of an application and then build features as you go. This is why always designing prototypes to be feature-complete is a good workflow, and generic development boards are a good starting point for this.\n
      2. Designing your own board is really easy for AVRs. I do this all the time, lately with the Attiny10. Honestly there are a ton of AVR chips out there, and not all of them have affordable / popular development boards, so often it’s worth making your own for use in item 1 above (…really you just need at minimum power and a header to break out the pins for ISP programming). Then when you want to make your final widget, you just expand your development board design, which lets you make a really miniaturized and streamlined thing! You will need an ISP programmer though, like the AVR-ICE (which has a nasty but minor bug in the design – ping me before buying one and I’ll save you 2 days of headaches setting up).\n
      3. A neat trick is to design your own boards *and still use a dev board* (so making your own boards and buying premade dev boards *are not mutually exclusive options*). This is especially useful with the Pi Pico and ESP32 (where making a dev board is less beginner-friendly) – a cheatcode is “castellated mounting holes”. These let you solder (for example) a Pi Pico dev board directly to your own design as a surface-mount component. You can do this by just adding a socket and using header pins too, but SMT + castellated mounting holes lets you keep the design small and reliable.\n
      \n
      BTW when designing your own boards, committing to SMT parts (where possible) early on is one of the things I’m really glad I did. You don’t need much tooling to do it. Just a solder paste syringe, a toothpick or pin, some tweezers, and a hot air rework station (included in some soldering stations). Even 0402 parts (about the size of two grains of salt) are pretty easy to do by hand. It’s amazing the level of miniaturization that you can achieve these days this way, as a private individual with a very modest budget!\n
      \n
      Finally, the Arduino products are generally very good dev boards, whether or not you’re using the Arduino IDE (you can still program them ASM or non-Arduino C++). So for any chip that an Arduino exists for, it’s an excellent starting point – although you may want to design your own board one day to remove unnecessary stuff if it comes out cheaper and you go through a lot of them, or just for the experience.
      """
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              The most important thing is to tackle projects frequently and get yourself involved with other people doing the same. Learn by doing! I found books, videos, and so on of limited utility by comparison. I’ll include an unreasonable quantity of my notes below.\n
              \n
              **Some useful resources:**\n
              \n
              1. Learning Python – a decent programming language to start with since it’s flexible and enforces some good habits : [python.swaroopch.com](https://python.swaroopch.com/)\n
              2. Your local hackerspace, makerspace, or fablab: [wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces](https://wiki.hackerspaces.org/List_of_Hacker_Spaces)\n
              3. Websites with details on other people’s cool projects: hackaday.com\n
              4. You should also learn C / C++ (unless you are an assembly-language degenerate like me)\n
              5. KiCAD is *fantastic* these days (and free!): [www.kicad.org](https://www.kicad.org/)\n
              6. I’ll point out that Microchip Studio is *awful and buggy* but for some microcontrollers you’re stuck with it. Everyone working with embedded systems gets stuck with some lousy manufacturer-supplied software sometimes.\n
              \n
              **List of initial things to learn:**\n
              \n
              1. How to read component datasheets (you will be doing this a lot). Actually I think a lot of my electronics knowledge was picked up from just absorbing datasheets like a weird sponge of some sort.\n
              2. How to order from Mouser / Digikey / RS Components / Arrow / McMaster (these are also a great source of datasheets)\n
              3. Basic laws of electricity and magnetism (any freshman university physics textbook is OK – these pop up used all the time, and even an old one is OK). Just do all the problems in each chapter and you’ll be fine. Or you can tackle “The Art of Electronics” if you like.\n
              4. If you’re into analog, this is a classic (and free!) text : [web.mit.edu/6.101/www/…/op_amps_everyone.pdf](https://web.mit.edu/6.101/www/reference/op_amps_everyone.pdf)\n
              5. Soldering is actually pretty easy, just buy some resistors and some prototyping board and get some practice in. You’ll need to learn surface mount soldering to get access to good and cheap parts later on, but thankfully, it is *way* easier than it looks. Like, really a lot easier than people make it look.\n
              6. How to order manufactured circuit boards from a factory using a design in KiCAD (this is actually pretty easy and cheap!)\n
              7. These days, a lot of components can be purchased on pre-built ‘modules’ that fufill a certain objective. For example, a temperator sensing module might have a sensor and all the supporting components on a little board, so you just connect power+ground and data. These are made specifically with learning in mind and are made in Asia at a very reasonable price – do note though that reading the *actual datasheet* of the parts in question will give you much deeper knowledge over time.\n
              \n
              **Tools to buy:**\n
              \n
              1. A soldering station. Some people suggest fancy expensive stuff, but frankly, some brands of Chinese tools have gotten quite good. Yihua is a good and affordable brand of soldering station. You can get a soldering-iron-only version if you need to save money, but I’d recommend a model that also includes a hot air rework tool. This makes fixing mistakes on boards way easier, lets you salvage components more easily from junk and failed projects, and also adds a lot of flexibility later on.\n
              2. A multimeter / parts tester. Should measure voltage, current, capacitance, resistance and diodes. Pro’s Kit is an OK brand from Asia.\n
              3. Eventually you will need an oscilloscope, but not at the start. Hantek, Rigol, and Unit-T make good entry level ones. Siglent is midrange. Tektronix is for rich kids. An old used scope is fine but often shipping is expensive if it’s one of the heavy ones.\n
              4. Tweezers, wire cutters and strippers. Lots of protoboard and solder.\n
              5. If you’re really into low-level microcontroller stuff, an AVR-ICE will be pretty cool to have a few years down the line :)\n
              \n
              **Platforms and Communities to Consider:**\n
              \n
              1. Arduino – largest friendliest community with the most tutorials, but as such has a ton of beginners and students looking to copy/paste code without understanding. So sometimes it’s hard to find someone knowledgeable, and if you do, they might be sort of exhausted. It’s probably the best place to start these days overall.\n
              2. AVR Freaks – the opposite of Arduino. Hostile, but super knowledgeable. I’ve learned so much by searching their forums, I’ve never needed to ask a question! They are great too, but really not a place for beginners to ask questions. It is a good forum to read if you want to learn assembly / C for microcontrollers, but has a steep learning curve – I’d save it for later :D\n
              3. Raspberry Pi – makes everything super easy, generally at the cost of being horribly inefficient and somewhat expensive. It can be a good place to start, but be careful not to learn bad habits here – e.g. using a whole computer system with Linux to blink an LED. You’ll end up having to unlearn a lot to make reasonable battery-powered devices later on. Awesome where processing power is actually needed – machine vision, some robotics, and AI. The raspberry Pi Pico has fewer of these problems (and you can code in Python!) – it’s pretty fantastic and I would personally choose it as my first microcontroller.\n
              \n
              **Other Stuff**:\n
              \n
              1. Avoid playing with mains power / high voltage until you know what you are doing.\n
              2. Avoid selling things until you know what FCC / CE is. You can teach courses on what you’ve learned to fund your studies though! I bootstrapped this way.\n
              3. Lithium batteries can be sort of tricky / hazardous. When starting out with them, use the metal cylindrical cells at first. The TP4056 is an OK charge controller to use, and pre-built modules are like a dollar in bulk.\n
              4. I own a prototyping company in Asia, this introduces some bias on my tool recommendations: low cost, high value – but only ‘good enough’ performance and convenience. I also hate solderless breadboards and consider them more trouble than they are worth – some people disagree with me and they are *also correct*. I also find surface-mount soldering way easier and more reliable than through-hole (most people disagree with me but it’s worth thinking about). Finally, I’m a 700 year old Taoist immortal that still uses a slide rule and writes poetry in Assembly language. So I’m part of an older engineering tradition and it’s worth keeping that in mind when weighing my advice.\n
              \n
              Ping me if you get stuck or have questions :)
              """
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          +body: "Oh wow! this is a lot of great detail! is Rust at all useful for embedded applications, or am i essentially restricted to C/C++? Is Adafruit also a good resource or not as much as the others? Also, besides the obvious differences in form factor and ease of use, what’s the objective difference between the RP2040 *chip,* and, for example, Sparkfun’s “Pro Micro” or “Thing Plus”, or is the ease-of-use *by itself* the main selling point?"
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        +body: """
          There are a lot of differences, but I’ll try and go over the high level ones. The RP2040 is a chip, and the others are boards – so I’ll compare the chips on them.\n
          \n
          The RP2040 chip is *really powerful* overall, and does some odd things with I/O that let you do a bunch of very fast, precise things. You also get a lot of I/O pins and they are very well-behaved. The main advantage though is that it works well in both Python and C++, and is well-supported.\n
          \n
          The ESP32 based board (Thing Plus) has integrated WiFi. The ESP32 is a great chip, I use it a lot, but it has some unfortunate quirks. First, it has a very high clock speed and decent memory, making it quite powerful. However, if you glitch out the network stack via your code, it can have some problems with unexpected resets. This was much worse with the earlier-generation ESP8266. Secondly, the I/O work much more slowly than the system clock (if I recall correctly), and they are picky about what state they have on startup – some go high as part of the boot process, others must be high or low on boot but can be used after. This is actually quite a pain sometimes. It’s a great chip overall though and works well in C++.\n
          \n
          The Pro Micro uses an ATMEGA32 chip. I’m a huge AVR fan so I don’t have many bad things to say, I like it a lot. It is much slower than the other two chips though, and has less memory. Probably it’s best to use C++, but you ought to be able to use Assembly too if you like. The I/O on AVRs are really well-behaved and usually operate at the same speed as the chip, which is nice when you need precise timing! The best thing about it though, is it can use much less power than the other two options, if you use the sleep modes right. So you can build neat battery-powered applications. Finally AVRs have *excellent* datasheets – there’s rarely any ambiguity on exactly how any system on the chip works.\n
          \n
          Overall, I’d choose an RP2040 board if I wanted to use Python and do IoT/Robots/whatever (you can buy boards with or without WiFi), an ESP32 based board if I wanted to do IoT stuff in C++, and the Pro Micro if I wanted to do low-level, low power embedded stuff in C++ or assembly (and maybe branch out into other AVR chips). The C++ options mean you can use the Arduino IDE and their libraries.
          """
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      +body: """
        Holy shit (sorry)! You really know your stuff, or at the very least, I don’t know my stuff! I’ll keep in mind the stuff you said about the ESP32 and the ATMEGA, but I was more so referring to the editions of those dev boards that use the RP2040!\n
        \n
        [www.sparkfun.com/products/18288](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/18288)[www.sparkfun.com/products/17745](https://www.sparkfun.com/products/17745)\n
        \n
        After reading a bit more, it seems that *pretty much* the only difference is the IO and other supporting hardware besides just the chips. If someone (me) were working on a project where solutions like these particularly-powerful microcontrollers are required, when would it make more sense to use one of these pre-made boards for computing rather than making your own PCB designs including the chip? Is it mostly for projects where extremely compact form factors (and/or other shenanigans) aren’t necessary?
        """
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    +body: """
      Glad to help :)\n
      \n
      Besides the I/O and supporting hardware, the clock speed is wildly different between these 3 chips – that’s worth considering. By that metric, the ATMEGA based designs are the slowest by far – although somewhat faster than you’d estimate since they usually operate 1 instruction per clock cycle, whereas the other chips are a few clock cycles per instruction (they are still way faster than the ATMEGA line though).\n
      \n
      Regarding pre-made boards vs. your own? I think there are three things to consider:\n
      \n
      1. Pre-made boards are awesome for prototyping. Making sure the damn thing will work (feature-complete) before designing your own board is a good idea. Then, make your first board with all features added in (this is important), but expect to iterate at least once (make revisions and order boards a second time). There’s no such thing as premature optimization in hardware design – it’s not like software where you can just design the core of an application and then build features as you go. This is why always designing prototypes to be feature-complete is a good workflow, and generic development boards are a good starting point for this.\n
      2. Designing your own board is really easy for AVRs. I do this all the time, lately with the Attiny10. Honestly there are a ton of AVR chips out there, and not all of them have affordable / popular development boards, so often it’s worth making your own for use in item 1 above (…really you just need at minimum power and a header to break out the pins for ISP programming). Then when you want to make your final widget, you just expand your development board design, which lets you make a really miniaturized and streamlined thing! You will need an ISP programmer though, like the AVR-ICE (which has a nasty but minor bug in the design – ping me before buying one and I’ll save you 2 days of headaches setting up).\n
      3. A neat trick is to design your own boards *and still use a dev board* (so making your own boards and buying premade dev boards *are not mutually exclusive options*). This is especially useful with the Pi Pico and ESP32 (where making a dev board is less beginner-friendly) – a cheatcode is “castellated mounting holes”. These let you solder (for example) a Pi Pico dev board directly to your own design as a surface-mount component. You can do this by just adding a socket and using header pins too, but SMT + castellated mounting holes lets you keep the design small and reliable.\n
      \n
      BTW when designing your own boards, committing to SMT parts (where possible) early on is one of the things I’m really glad I did. You don’t need much tooling to do it. Just a solder paste syringe, a toothpick or pin, some tweezers, and a hot air rework station (included in some soldering stations). Even 0402 parts (about the size of two grains of salt) are pretty easy to do by hand. It’s amazing the level of miniaturization that you can achieve these days this way, as a private individual with a very modest budget!\n
      \n
      Finally, the Arduino products are generally very good dev boards, whether or not you’re using the Arduino IDE (you can still program them ASM or non-Arduino C++). So for any chip that an Arduino exists for, it’s an excellent starting point – although you may want to design your own board one day to remove unnecessary stuff if it comes out cheaper and you go through a lot of them, or just for the experience.
      """
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entry_comment App\Twig\Components\EntryCommentComponent 12.0 MiB 11.91 ms
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      \n
      I just built a handwired ortho split keyboard, microcontrollers, firmware, soldering, wiring, maybe that tickles your fancy?
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Attributes
[]
Component
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Input props
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entry_comment App\Twig\Components\EntryCommentComponent 12.0 MiB 9.40 ms
Input props
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Attributes
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Component
App\Twig\Components\EntryCommentComponent {#8595
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    +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#266}
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vote App\Twig\Components\VoteComponent 12.0 MiB 0.40 ms
Input props
[
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Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\VoteComponent {#9030
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entry_comments_nested App\Twig\Components\EntryCommentsNestedComponent 12.0 MiB 0.71 ms
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entry_comment App\Twig\Components\EntryCommentComponent 14.0 MiB 83.69 ms
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      +slug: "How-should-I-get-started"
      +title: "How should I get started?"
      +url: null
      +body: "Hello y’all! I’ve always been interested in computers and programming for as long as i can remember, but recently i’ve decided to try to get into some of the deeper stuff behind that, into the wonderful world of electronics. Where should I start? What courses or books or youtube series should I consume? What are some high-quality forums, communities, blogs, etc. to learn from?"
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    +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#266}
    +image: null
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    +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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  +showMagazineName: false
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}
user_inline App\Twig\Components\UserInlineComponent 12.0 MiB 0.14 ms
Input props
[
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Component
App\Twig\Components\UserInlineComponent {#9439
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date App\Twig\Components\DateComponent 12.0 MiB 0.16 ms
Input props
[
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    date: 2023-10-07 19:11:28.0 +02:00
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]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\DateComponent {#9494
  +date: DateTimeImmutable @1696698688 {#4204
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}
date_edited App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent 12.0 MiB 0.10 ms
Input props
[
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]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent {#9548
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}
user_avatar App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent 12.0 MiB 2.54 ms
Input props
[
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  "asLink" => true
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent {#9602
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vote App\Twig\Components\VoteComponent 12.0 MiB 0.44 ms
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[
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        +body: """
          Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
          \n
          I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
          \n
          I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
          \n
          I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
          """
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      +body: "[Great Scott](https://youtube.com/@greatscottlab) has a series of videos about basic electronics concepts and components. Highly recommended: [Electronics basics](https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLAROrg3NQn7cyu01HpOv5BWo217XWBZu0)"
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      +body: """
        I’ll start off with your questions are a outside of what I know well. In general to do stuff with electronics, you don’t need to know the physics behind it, but the equations that pop out. Mainly V=IR, Almost everything goes back to that. Behind the scenes are lots and lots and lots of differential equations. [Alpha Pheonix](https://www.youtube.com/c/AlphaPhoenixChannel/videos) has a few good visualizations for resistance. He has a [water based demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_crwFuPht4) to visualize voltage and resistance, and a [maze demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3gnNpYK3lo) showing how electricity “finds” the path of least resistance. [ElectroBoom](https://www.youtube.com/@ElectroBOOM/videos) probably won’t teach you too much, but can show some interesting things you can do. [EEVblog](https://www.youtube.com/@EEVblog/playlists) has some good lectures. For specific applications Digikey and Texas Instruments have some basics, and there are many lectures online available.\n
        \n
        I think the questions you asked are a little more on the physics side than the electrical side, and the specifics I think of as a dark art that comes with experience. In general most capacitors you see are blocking DC on an AC circuit, coupling capacitors that are smoothing the power circuit, or capacitors to control/tune something specific. Those control values would be given in a datasheet. Resistors are often going to be current limiting, voltage dividing, or “pulling” a high impedance signal. To design something you often just need the rule of thumb, and not necessarily a deep understanding of “why”.
        """
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      +body: "EEVblog looks great! lots of material there! glibg10b mentioned the book “The Art of Electronics”, is this a good source too?"
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entry_comment App\Twig\Components\EntryCommentComponent 14.0 MiB 71.81 ms
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        +name: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
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      Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
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      I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
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      I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
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      I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
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      }
      +entry: App\Entity\Entry {#2388}
      +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#266}
      +image: null
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      +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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    }
    +root: App\Entity\EntryComment {#4208}
    +body: """
      Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
      \n
      I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
      \n
      I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
      \n
      I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
      """
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user_inline App\Twig\Components\UserInlineComponent 12.0 MiB 0.16 ms
Input props
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date App\Twig\Components\DateComponent 12.0 MiB 0.15 ms
Input props
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    date: 2023-10-07 20:46:08.0 +02:00
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]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\DateComponent {#10270
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}
date_edited App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent 12.0 MiB 0.10 ms
Input props
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Attributes
[]
Component
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}
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Input props
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Component
App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent {#10378
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      \n
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vote App\Twig\Components\VoteComponent 12.0 MiB 0.43 ms
Input props
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      +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1943 …2}
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        +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#247 …}
        +name: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
        +title: "askelectronics"
        +description: """
          **For questions about component-level electronic circuits, tools and equipment.**\n
          \n
          Rules\n
          -----\n
          \n
          1: Be nice.\n
          \n
          2: Be on-topic (eg: *Electronic*, not *electrical*).\n
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          3: No commercial stuff, buying, selling or valuations.\n
          \n
          4: Be safe.\n
          \n
          ---
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      +image: null
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      +body: "Hello y’all! I’ve always been interested in computers and programming for as long as i can remember, but recently i’ve decided to try to get into some of the deeper stuff behind that, into the wonderful world of electronics. Where should I start? What courses or books or youtube series should I consume? What are some high-quality forums, communities, blogs, etc. to learn from?"
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      +entry: App\Entity\Entry {#2388}
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      +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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    +body: """
      Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
      \n
      I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
      \n
      I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
      \n
      I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
      """
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]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\VoteComponent {#10459
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      Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
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      I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
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      I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
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      Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
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      I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
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      I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
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      Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
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      I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
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      I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
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      I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
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      Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
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      I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
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      +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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      Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
      \n
      I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
      \n
      I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
      \n
      I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
      """
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entry_comment App\Twig\Components\EntryCommentComponent 12.0 MiB 8.71 ms
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        +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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        Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
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        I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
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        I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
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        I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
        """
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    +body: "[Great Scott](https://youtube.com/@greatscottlab) has a series of videos about basic electronics concepts and components. Highly recommended: [Electronics basics](https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLAROrg3NQn7cyu01HpOv5BWo217XWBZu0)"
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        +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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        Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
        \n
        I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
        \n
        I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
        \n
        I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
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      +apId: "https://beehaw.org/comment/1340324"
      +editedAt: null
      +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1696704368 {#4455
        date: 2023-10-07 20:46:08.0 +02:00
      }
    }
    +root: App\Entity\EntryComment {#4208}
    +body: "[Great Scott](https://youtube.com/@greatscottlab) has a series of videos about basic electronics concepts and components. Highly recommended: [Electronics basics](https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLAROrg3NQn7cyu01HpOv5BWo217XWBZu0)"
    +lang: "en"
    +isAdult: false
    +favouriteCount: 1
    +score: 0
    +lastActive: DateTime @1696802104 {#4495
      date: 2023-10-08 23:55:04.0 +02:00
    }
    +ip: null
    +tags: null
    +mentions: [
      "@AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
      "@l_b_i@yiffit.net"
    ]
    +children: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4488 …}
    +nested: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4486 …}
    +votes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4490 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4501 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4503 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4505 …}
    -id: 38006
    -bodyTs: "'/@greatscottlab)':5 '/playlist?list=plarorg3nqn7cyu01hpov5bwo217xwbzu0)':23 'basic':12,20 'compon':16 'concept':14 'electron':13,19 'great':1 'high':17 'recommend':18 'scott':2 'seri':8 'video':10 'youtube.com':4,22 'youtube.com/@greatscottlab)':3 'youtube.com/playlist?list=plarorg3nqn7cyu01hpov5bwo217xwbzu0)':21"
    +ranking: 0
    +commentCount: 0
    +upVotes: 0
    +downVotes: 0
    +visibility: "visible             "
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    +editedAt: null
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1696802104 {#4498
      date: 2023-10-08 23:55:04.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  +showMagazineName: false
  +showEntryTitle: false
  +showNested: true
  +level: 3
  +canSeeTrash: false
  +dateAsUrl: false
  -requestStack: Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\RequestStack {#1328 …}
  -authorizationChecker: Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authorization\AuthorizationChecker {#931 …}
}
user_inline App\Twig\Components\UserInlineComponent 12.0 MiB 1.87 ms
Input props
[
  "user" => Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#4491
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "wintermute@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +username: "@wintermute@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1696802106 {#10896
      date: 2023-10-08 23:55:06.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: true
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: false
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
    +isVerified: false
    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10901 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10904 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10906 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10908 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10910 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10912 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10914 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10916 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10918 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10920 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10922 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10924 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10926 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10928 …}
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    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10932 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10934 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10936 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10938 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10940 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10942 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10944 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10946 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10948 …}
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    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10954 …}
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    +apFollowersUrl: null
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    +apPreferredUsername: "wintermute"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
    +privateKey: null
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      date: 2024-09-07 11:29:42.0 +02:00
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    +apDeletedAt: null
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      date: 2023-06-26 22:09:06.0 +02:00
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  "showAvatar" => false
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\UserInlineComponent {#10856
  +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#4491
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "wintermute@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +username: "@wintermute@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1696802106 {#10896
      date: 2023-10-08 23:55:06.0 +02:00
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    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
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    +oauthGoogleId: null
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    +hideAdult: true
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    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: true
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
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    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: false
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    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
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    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10901 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10904 …}
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    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10908 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10910 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10912 …}
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    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10916 …}
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    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10926 …}
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    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10934 …}
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    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10940 …}
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    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10948 …}
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    +privateKey: null
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    +apDeletedAt: null
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}
date App\Twig\Components\DateComponent 12.0 MiB 0.14 ms
Input props
[
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    date: 2023-10-08 23:55:04.0 +02:00
  }
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\DateComponent {#10974
  +date: DateTimeImmutable @1696802104 {#4498
    date: 2023-10-08 23:55:04.0 +02:00
  }
}
date_edited App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent 12.0 MiB 0.09 ms
Input props
[
  "createdAt" => DateTimeImmutable @1696802104 {#4498
    date: 2023-10-08 23:55:04.0 +02:00
  }
  "editedAt" => null
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent {#11028
  +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1696802104 {#4498
    date: 2023-10-08 23:55:04.0 +02:00
  }
  +editedAt: null
}
user_avatar App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent 12.0 MiB 0.14 ms
Input props
[
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    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "wintermute@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +username: "@wintermute@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1696802106 {#10896
      date: 2023-10-08 23:55:06.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
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    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
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    +featuredMagazines: null
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    +showProfileFollowings: true
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    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: false
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    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
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    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10904 …}
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    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10908 …}
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    +privateKey: null
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      date: 2024-09-07 11:29:42.0 +02:00
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    +apDeletedAt: null
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      date: 2023-06-26 22:09:06.0 +02:00
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     …2
  }
  "width" => 40
  "height" => 40
  "asLink" => true
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent {#11082
  +width: 40
  +height: 40
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    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "wintermute@discuss.tchncs.de"
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    +homepage: "front"
    +about: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1696802106 {#10896
      date: 2023-10-08 23:55:06.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
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    +addMentionsPosts: true
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    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10901 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10904 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10906 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10908 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10910 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10912 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10914 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10916 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10918 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10920 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10922 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10924 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10926 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10928 …}
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    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10934 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10936 …}
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    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10942 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10944 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10946 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10948 …}
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    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10954 …}
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    +apDiscoverable: true
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    +privateKey: null
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      date: 2024-09-07 11:29:42.0 +02:00
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    +apDeletedAt: null
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      date: 2023-06-26 22:09:06.0 +02:00
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  }
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}
vote App\Twig\Components\VoteComponent 12.0 MiB 0.82 ms
Input props
[
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    +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#4491
      +avatar: null
      +cover: null
      +email: "wintermute@discuss.tchncs.de"
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      +roles: []
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      +lastActive: DateTime @1696802106 {#10896
        date: 2023-10-08 23:55:06.0 +02:00
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      +markedForDeletionAt: null
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      +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10904 …}
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      +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10908 …}
      +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10910 …}
      +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10912 …}
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      +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10930 …}
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      +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10934 …}
      +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10936 …}
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      +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10940 …}
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      +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10946 …}
      +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#10948 …}
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      -totpSecret: null
      -totpBackupCodes: []
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        +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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        Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
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        I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
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        I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
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        I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
        """
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    +body: "[Great Scott](https://youtube.com/@greatscottlab) has a series of videos about basic electronics concepts and components. Highly recommended: [Electronics basics](https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLAROrg3NQn7cyu01HpOv5BWo217XWBZu0)"
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        +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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      +body: """
        Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
        \n
        I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
        \n
        I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
        \n
        I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
        """
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    +body: "[Great Scott](https://youtube.com/@greatscottlab) has a series of videos about basic electronics concepts and components. Highly recommended: [Electronics basics](https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLAROrg3NQn7cyu01HpOv5BWo217XWBZu0)"
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        +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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        Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
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        I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
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        I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
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        I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
        """
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    +body: "[Great Scott](https://youtube.com/@greatscottlab) has a series of videos about basic electronics concepts and components. Highly recommended: [Electronics basics](https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLAROrg3NQn7cyu01HpOv5BWo217XWBZu0)"
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        +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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        Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
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        I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
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        I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
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        I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
        """
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    +body: "[Great Scott](https://youtube.com/@greatscottlab) has a series of videos about basic electronics concepts and components. Highly recommended: [Electronics basics](https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLAROrg3NQn7cyu01HpOv5BWo217XWBZu0)"
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        +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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        Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
        \n
        I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
        \n
        I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
        \n
        I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
        """
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    +body: "[Great Scott](https://youtube.com/@greatscottlab) has a series of videos about basic electronics concepts and components. Highly recommended: [Electronics basics](https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLAROrg3NQn7cyu01HpOv5BWo217XWBZu0)"
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        Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
        \n
        I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
        \n
        I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
        \n
        I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
        """
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    +body: "[Great Scott](https://youtube.com/@greatscottlab) has a series of videos about basic electronics concepts and components. Highly recommended: [Electronics basics](https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLAROrg3NQn7cyu01HpOv5BWo217XWBZu0)"
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entry_comment App\Twig\Components\EntryCommentComponent 14.0 MiB 56.38 ms
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          Rules\n
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        +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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      +body: """
        Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
        \n
        I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
        \n
        I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
        \n
        I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
        """
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      I’ll start off with your questions are a outside of what I know well. In general to do stuff with electronics, you don’t need to know the physics behind it, but the equations that pop out. Mainly V=IR, Almost everything goes back to that. Behind the scenes are lots and lots and lots of differential equations. [Alpha Pheonix](https://www.youtube.com/c/AlphaPhoenixChannel/videos) has a few good visualizations for resistance. He has a [water based demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_crwFuPht4) to visualize voltage and resistance, and a [maze demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3gnNpYK3lo) showing how electricity “finds” the path of least resistance. [ElectroBoom](https://www.youtube.com/@ElectroBOOM/videos) probably won’t teach you too much, but can show some interesting things you can do. [EEVblog](https://www.youtube.com/@EEVblog/playlists) has some good lectures. For specific applications Digikey and Texas Instruments have some basics, and there are many lectures online available.\n
      \n
      I think the questions you asked are a little more on the physics side than the electrical side, and the specifics I think of as a dark art that comes with experience. In general most capacitors you see are blocking DC on an AC circuit, coupling capacitors that are smoothing the power circuit, or capacitors to control/tune something specific. Those control values would be given in a datasheet. Resistors are often going to be current limiting, voltage dividing, or “pulling” a high impedance signal. To design something you often just need the rule of thumb, and not necessarily a deep understanding of “why”.
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        +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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        Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
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        I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
        \n
        I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
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        I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
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      I’ll start off with your questions are a outside of what I know well. In general to do stuff with electronics, you don’t need to know the physics behind it, but the equations that pop out. Mainly V=IR, Almost everything goes back to that. Behind the scenes are lots and lots and lots of differential equations. [Alpha Pheonix](https://www.youtube.com/c/AlphaPhoenixChannel/videos) has a few good visualizations for resistance. He has a [water based demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_crwFuPht4) to visualize voltage and resistance, and a [maze demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3gnNpYK3lo) showing how electricity “finds” the path of least resistance. [ElectroBoom](https://www.youtube.com/@ElectroBOOM/videos) probably won’t teach you too much, but can show some interesting things you can do. [EEVblog](https://www.youtube.com/@EEVblog/playlists) has some good lectures. For specific applications Digikey and Texas Instruments have some basics, and there are many lectures online available.\n
      \n
      I think the questions you asked are a little more on the physics side than the electrical side, and the specifics I think of as a dark art that comes with experience. In general most capacitors you see are blocking DC on an AC circuit, coupling capacitors that are smoothing the power circuit, or capacitors to control/tune something specific. Those control values would be given in a datasheet. Resistors are often going to be current limiting, voltage dividing, or “pulling” a high impedance signal. To design something you often just need the rule of thumb, and not necessarily a deep understanding of “why”.
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        +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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        Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
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        I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
        \n
        I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
        \n
        I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
        """
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      I’ll start off with your questions are a outside of what I know well. In general to do stuff with electronics, you don’t need to know the physics behind it, but the equations that pop out. Mainly V=IR, Almost everything goes back to that. Behind the scenes are lots and lots and lots of differential equations. [Alpha Pheonix](https://www.youtube.com/c/AlphaPhoenixChannel/videos) has a few good visualizations for resistance. He has a [water based demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_crwFuPht4) to visualize voltage and resistance, and a [maze demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3gnNpYK3lo) showing how electricity “finds” the path of least resistance. [ElectroBoom](https://www.youtube.com/@ElectroBOOM/videos) probably won’t teach you too much, but can show some interesting things you can do. [EEVblog](https://www.youtube.com/@EEVblog/playlists) has some good lectures. For specific applications Digikey and Texas Instruments have some basics, and there are many lectures online available.\n
      \n
      I think the questions you asked are a little more on the physics side than the electrical side, and the specifics I think of as a dark art that comes with experience. In general most capacitors you see are blocking DC on an AC circuit, coupling capacitors that are smoothing the power circuit, or capacitors to control/tune something specific. Those control values would be given in a datasheet. Resistors are often going to be current limiting, voltage dividing, or “pulling” a high impedance signal. To design something you often just need the rule of thumb, and not necessarily a deep understanding of “why”.
      """
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      +body: "Hello y’all! I’ve always been interested in computers and programming for as long as i can remember, but recently i’ve decided to try to get into some of the deeper stuff behind that, into the wonderful world of electronics. Where should I start? What courses or books or youtube series should I consume? What are some high-quality forums, communities, blogs, etc. to learn from?"
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        +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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        Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
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        I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
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        I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
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        I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
        """
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    +body: """
      I’ll start off with your questions are a outside of what I know well. In general to do stuff with electronics, you don’t need to know the physics behind it, but the equations that pop out. Mainly V=IR, Almost everything goes back to that. Behind the scenes are lots and lots and lots of differential equations. [Alpha Pheonix](https://www.youtube.com/c/AlphaPhoenixChannel/videos) has a few good visualizations for resistance. He has a [water based demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_crwFuPht4) to visualize voltage and resistance, and a [maze demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3gnNpYK3lo) showing how electricity “finds” the path of least resistance. [ElectroBoom](https://www.youtube.com/@ElectroBOOM/videos) probably won’t teach you too much, but can show some interesting things you can do. [EEVblog](https://www.youtube.com/@EEVblog/playlists) has some good lectures. For specific applications Digikey and Texas Instruments have some basics, and there are many lectures online available.\n
      \n
      I think the questions you asked are a little more on the physics side than the electrical side, and the specifics I think of as a dark art that comes with experience. In general most capacitors you see are blocking DC on an AC circuit, coupling capacitors that are smoothing the power circuit, or capacitors to control/tune something specific. Those control values would be given in a datasheet. Resistors are often going to be current limiting, voltage dividing, or “pulling” a high impedance signal. To design something you often just need the rule of thumb, and not necessarily a deep understanding of “why”.
      """
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      +body: "Hello y’all! I’ve always been interested in computers and programming for as long as i can remember, but recently i’ve decided to try to get into some of the deeper stuff behind that, into the wonderful world of electronics. Where should I start? What courses or books or youtube series should I consume? What are some high-quality forums, communities, blogs, etc. to learn from?"
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        +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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        Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
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        I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
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        I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
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        I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
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      I’ll start off with your questions are a outside of what I know well. In general to do stuff with electronics, you don’t need to know the physics behind it, but the equations that pop out. Mainly V=IR, Almost everything goes back to that. Behind the scenes are lots and lots and lots of differential equations. [Alpha Pheonix](https://www.youtube.com/c/AlphaPhoenixChannel/videos) has a few good visualizations for resistance. He has a [water based demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_crwFuPht4) to visualize voltage and resistance, and a [maze demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3gnNpYK3lo) showing how electricity “finds” the path of least resistance. [ElectroBoom](https://www.youtube.com/@ElectroBOOM/videos) probably won’t teach you too much, but can show some interesting things you can do. [EEVblog](https://www.youtube.com/@EEVblog/playlists) has some good lectures. For specific applications Digikey and Texas Instruments have some basics, and there are many lectures online available.\n
      \n
      I think the questions you asked are a little more on the physics side than the electrical side, and the specifics I think of as a dark art that comes with experience. In general most capacitors you see are blocking DC on an AC circuit, coupling capacitors that are smoothing the power circuit, or capacitors to control/tune something specific. Those control values would be given in a datasheet. Resistors are often going to be current limiting, voltage dividing, or “pulling” a high impedance signal. To design something you often just need the rule of thumb, and not necessarily a deep understanding of “why”.
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        +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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        Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
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        I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
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        I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
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        I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
        """
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      I’ll start off with your questions are a outside of what I know well. In general to do stuff with electronics, you don’t need to know the physics behind it, but the equations that pop out. Mainly V=IR, Almost everything goes back to that. Behind the scenes are lots and lots and lots of differential equations. [Alpha Pheonix](https://www.youtube.com/c/AlphaPhoenixChannel/videos) has a few good visualizations for resistance. He has a [water based demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_crwFuPht4) to visualize voltage and resistance, and a [maze demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3gnNpYK3lo) showing how electricity “finds” the path of least resistance. [ElectroBoom](https://www.youtube.com/@ElectroBOOM/videos) probably won’t teach you too much, but can show some interesting things you can do. [EEVblog](https://www.youtube.com/@EEVblog/playlists) has some good lectures. For specific applications Digikey and Texas Instruments have some basics, and there are many lectures online available.\n
      \n
      I think the questions you asked are a little more on the physics side than the electrical side, and the specifics I think of as a dark art that comes with experience. In general most capacitors you see are blocking DC on an AC circuit, coupling capacitors that are smoothing the power circuit, or capacitors to control/tune something specific. Those control values would be given in a datasheet. Resistors are often going to be current limiting, voltage dividing, or “pulling” a high impedance signal. To design something you often just need the rule of thumb, and not necessarily a deep understanding of “why”.
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        +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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        Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
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        I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
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        I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
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        I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
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      I’ll start off with your questions are a outside of what I know well. In general to do stuff with electronics, you don’t need to know the physics behind it, but the equations that pop out. Mainly V=IR, Almost everything goes back to that. Behind the scenes are lots and lots and lots of differential equations. [Alpha Pheonix](https://www.youtube.com/c/AlphaPhoenixChannel/videos) has a few good visualizations for resistance. He has a [water based demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_crwFuPht4) to visualize voltage and resistance, and a [maze demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3gnNpYK3lo) showing how electricity “finds” the path of least resistance. [ElectroBoom](https://www.youtube.com/@ElectroBOOM/videos) probably won’t teach you too much, but can show some interesting things you can do. [EEVblog](https://www.youtube.com/@EEVblog/playlists) has some good lectures. For specific applications Digikey and Texas Instruments have some basics, and there are many lectures online available.\n
      \n
      I think the questions you asked are a little more on the physics side than the electrical side, and the specifics I think of as a dark art that comes with experience. In general most capacitors you see are blocking DC on an AC circuit, coupling capacitors that are smoothing the power circuit, or capacitors to control/tune something specific. Those control values would be given in a datasheet. Resistors are often going to be current limiting, voltage dividing, or “pulling” a high impedance signal. To design something you often just need the rule of thumb, and not necessarily a deep understanding of “why”.
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        +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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        Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
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        I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
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        I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
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        I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
        """
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    +body: """
      I’ll start off with your questions are a outside of what I know well. In general to do stuff with electronics, you don’t need to know the physics behind it, but the equations that pop out. Mainly V=IR, Almost everything goes back to that. Behind the scenes are lots and lots and lots of differential equations. [Alpha Pheonix](https://www.youtube.com/c/AlphaPhoenixChannel/videos) has a few good visualizations for resistance. He has a [water based demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_crwFuPht4) to visualize voltage and resistance, and a [maze demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3gnNpYK3lo) showing how electricity “finds” the path of least resistance. [ElectroBoom](https://www.youtube.com/@ElectroBOOM/videos) probably won’t teach you too much, but can show some interesting things you can do. [EEVblog](https://www.youtube.com/@EEVblog/playlists) has some good lectures. For specific applications Digikey and Texas Instruments have some basics, and there are many lectures online available.\n
      \n
      I think the questions you asked are a little more on the physics side than the electrical side, and the specifics I think of as a dark art that comes with experience. In general most capacitors you see are blocking DC on an AC circuit, coupling capacitors that are smoothing the power circuit, or capacitors to control/tune something specific. Those control values would be given in a datasheet. Resistors are often going to be current limiting, voltage dividing, or “pulling” a high impedance signal. To design something you often just need the rule of thumb, and not necessarily a deep understanding of “why”.
      """
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entry_comment App\Twig\Components\EntryCommentComponent 14.0 MiB 16.54 ms
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          +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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          Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
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          I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
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          I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
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          I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
          """
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      +body: """
        I’ll start off with your questions are a outside of what I know well. In general to do stuff with electronics, you don’t need to know the physics behind it, but the equations that pop out. Mainly V=IR, Almost everything goes back to that. Behind the scenes are lots and lots and lots of differential equations. [Alpha Pheonix](https://www.youtube.com/c/AlphaPhoenixChannel/videos) has a few good visualizations for resistance. He has a [water based demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_crwFuPht4) to visualize voltage and resistance, and a [maze demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3gnNpYK3lo) showing how electricity “finds” the path of least resistance. [ElectroBoom](https://www.youtube.com/@ElectroBOOM/videos) probably won’t teach you too much, but can show some interesting things you can do. [EEVblog](https://www.youtube.com/@EEVblog/playlists) has some good lectures. For specific applications Digikey and Texas Instruments have some basics, and there are many lectures online available.\n
        \n
        I think the questions you asked are a little more on the physics side than the electrical side, and the specifics I think of as a dark art that comes with experience. In general most capacitors you see are blocking DC on an AC circuit, coupling capacitors that are smoothing the power circuit, or capacitors to control/tune something specific. Those control values would be given in a datasheet. Resistors are often going to be current limiting, voltage dividing, or “pulling” a high impedance signal. To design something you often just need the rule of thumb, and not necessarily a deep understanding of “why”.
        """
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    +body: "EEVblog looks great! lots of material there! glibg10b mentioned the book “The Art of Electronics”, is this a good source too?"
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          +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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          Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
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          I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
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          I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
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          I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
          """
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      +body: """
        I’ll start off with your questions are a outside of what I know well. In general to do stuff with electronics, you don’t need to know the physics behind it, but the equations that pop out. Mainly V=IR, Almost everything goes back to that. Behind the scenes are lots and lots and lots of differential equations. [Alpha Pheonix](https://www.youtube.com/c/AlphaPhoenixChannel/videos) has a few good visualizations for resistance. He has a [water based demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_crwFuPht4) to visualize voltage and resistance, and a [maze demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3gnNpYK3lo) showing how electricity “finds” the path of least resistance. [ElectroBoom](https://www.youtube.com/@ElectroBOOM/videos) probably won’t teach you too much, but can show some interesting things you can do. [EEVblog](https://www.youtube.com/@EEVblog/playlists) has some good lectures. For specific applications Digikey and Texas Instruments have some basics, and there are many lectures online available.\n
        \n
        I think the questions you asked are a little more on the physics side than the electrical side, and the specifics I think of as a dark art that comes with experience. In general most capacitors you see are blocking DC on an AC circuit, coupling capacitors that are smoothing the power circuit, or capacitors to control/tune something specific. Those control values would be given in a datasheet. Resistors are often going to be current limiting, voltage dividing, or “pulling” a high impedance signal. To design something you often just need the rule of thumb, and not necessarily a deep understanding of “why”.
        """
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    +body: "EEVblog looks great! lots of material there! glibg10b mentioned the book “The Art of Electronics”, is this a good source too?"
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      "@AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
      "@l_b_i@yiffit.net"
    ]
    +children: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4544 …}
    +nested: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4540 …}
    +votes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4538 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4553 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4555 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4557 …}
    -id: 37600
    -bodyTs: "'art':13 'book':11 'eevblog':1 'electron':15 'glibg10b':8 'good':19 'great':3 'look':2 'lot':4 'materi':6 'mention':9 'sourc':20"
    +ranking: 0
    +commentCount: 0
    +upVotes: 0
    +downVotes: 0
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +apId: "https://beehaw.org/comment/1348813"
    +editedAt: null
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1696781086 {#4551
      date: 2023-10-08 18:04:46.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  +showMagazineName: false
  +showEntryTitle: false
  +showNested: true
  +level: 4
  +canSeeTrash: false
  +dateAsUrl: false
  -requestStack: Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\RequestStack {#1328 …}
  -authorizationChecker: Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authorization\AuthorizationChecker {#931 …}
}
user_inline App\Twig\Components\UserInlineComponent 12.0 MiB 0.14 ms
Input props
[
  "user" => Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1943
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
    +username: "@AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: """
      `they/them`\n
      \n
      A backend developer mainly using Rust, though I’ve been messing around with JVM languages as of late. I play lots of video games too :)\n
      \n
      Mastodon: [@azzydev@tech.lgbt](https://tech.lgbt/users/azzydev)Matrix: [@azzydev:hackliberty.org](https://matrix.to/#/@azzydev:hackliberty.org)
      """
    +lastActive: DateTime @1697384866 {#1516
      date: 2023-10-15 17:47:46.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: false
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: true
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: true
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
    +isVerified: false
    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1632 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1406 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1713 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1710 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1742 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1659 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1470 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1746 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1490 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1772 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1622 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1758 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1450 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1422 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1660 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1454 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1425 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1439 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1428 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1461 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1438 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1697 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1690 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1429 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1612 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1675 …}
    -id: 52402
    -password: "$2y$13$kabYapGG36iYaUBuepxh8urKg/FkeGBmt4EfflnNslQtpcz89Cm8G"
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1668 …}
    +apId: "AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
    +apProfileId: "https://beehaw.org/u/AzzyDev"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://beehaw.org/u/AzzyDev"
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://beehaw.org/inbox"
    +apDomain: "beehaw.org"
    +apPreferredUsername: "AzzyDev"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1728389310 {#1537
      date: 2024-10-08 14:08:30.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1696647047 {#1515
      date: 2023-10-07 04:50:47.0 +02:00
    }
    +__isInitialized__: true
     …2
  }
  "showAvatar" => false
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\UserInlineComponent {#12408
  +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1943
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
    +username: "@AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: """
      `they/them`\n
      \n
      A backend developer mainly using Rust, though I’ve been messing around with JVM languages as of late. I play lots of video games too :)\n
      \n
      Mastodon: [@azzydev@tech.lgbt](https://tech.lgbt/users/azzydev)Matrix: [@azzydev:hackliberty.org](https://matrix.to/#/@azzydev:hackliberty.org)
      """
    +lastActive: DateTime @1697384866 {#1516
      date: 2023-10-15 17:47:46.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: false
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: true
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: true
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
    +isVerified: false
    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1632 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1406 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1713 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1710 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1742 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1659 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1470 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1746 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1490 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1772 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1622 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1758 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1450 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1422 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1660 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1454 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1425 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1439 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1428 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1461 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1438 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1697 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1690 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1429 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1612 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1675 …}
    -id: 52402
    -password: "$2y$13$kabYapGG36iYaUBuepxh8urKg/FkeGBmt4EfflnNslQtpcz89Cm8G"
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1668 …}
    +apId: "AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
    +apProfileId: "https://beehaw.org/u/AzzyDev"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://beehaw.org/u/AzzyDev"
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://beehaw.org/inbox"
    +apDomain: "beehaw.org"
    +apPreferredUsername: "AzzyDev"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1728389310 {#1537
      date: 2024-10-08 14:08:30.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1696647047 {#1515
      date: 2023-10-07 04:50:47.0 +02:00
    }
    +__isInitialized__: true
     …2
  }
  +showAvatar: false
}
date App\Twig\Components\DateComponent 12.0 MiB 0.16 ms
Input props
[
  "date" => DateTimeImmutable @1696781086 {#4551
    date: 2023-10-08 18:04:46.0 +02:00
  }
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\DateComponent {#12463
  +date: DateTimeImmutable @1696781086 {#4551
    date: 2023-10-08 18:04:46.0 +02:00
  }
}
date_edited App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent 12.0 MiB 0.09 ms
Input props
[
  "createdAt" => DateTimeImmutable @1696781086 {#4551
    date: 2023-10-08 18:04:46.0 +02:00
  }
  "editedAt" => null
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent {#12517
  +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1696781086 {#4551
    date: 2023-10-08 18:04:46.0 +02:00
  }
  +editedAt: null
}
user_avatar App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent 12.0 MiB 0.13 ms
Input props
[
  "user" => Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1943
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
    +username: "@AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: """
      `they/them`\n
      \n
      A backend developer mainly using Rust, though I’ve been messing around with JVM languages as of late. I play lots of video games too :)\n
      \n
      Mastodon: [@azzydev@tech.lgbt](https://tech.lgbt/users/azzydev)Matrix: [@azzydev:hackliberty.org](https://matrix.to/#/@azzydev:hackliberty.org)
      """
    +lastActive: DateTime @1697384866 {#1516
      date: 2023-10-15 17:47:46.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: false
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: true
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: true
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
    +isVerified: false
    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1632 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1406 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1713 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1710 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1742 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1659 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1470 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1746 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1490 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1772 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1622 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1758 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1450 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1422 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1660 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1454 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1425 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1439 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1428 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1461 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1438 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1697 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1690 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1429 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1612 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1675 …}
    -id: 52402
    -password: "$2y$13$kabYapGG36iYaUBuepxh8urKg/FkeGBmt4EfflnNslQtpcz89Cm8G"
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1668 …}
    +apId: "AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
    +apProfileId: "https://beehaw.org/u/AzzyDev"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://beehaw.org/u/AzzyDev"
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://beehaw.org/inbox"
    +apDomain: "beehaw.org"
    +apPreferredUsername: "AzzyDev"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1728389310 {#1537
      date: 2024-10-08 14:08:30.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1696647047 {#1515
      date: 2023-10-07 04:50:47.0 +02:00
    }
    +__isInitialized__: true
     …2
  }
  "width" => 40
  "height" => 40
  "asLink" => true
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent {#12571
  +width: 40
  +height: 40
  +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1943
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
    +username: "@AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: """
      `they/them`\n
      \n
      A backend developer mainly using Rust, though I’ve been messing around with JVM languages as of late. I play lots of video games too :)\n
      \n
      Mastodon: [@azzydev@tech.lgbt](https://tech.lgbt/users/azzydev)Matrix: [@azzydev:hackliberty.org](https://matrix.to/#/@azzydev:hackliberty.org)
      """
    +lastActive: DateTime @1697384866 {#1516
      date: 2023-10-15 17:47:46.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: false
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: true
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: true
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
    +isVerified: false
    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1632 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1406 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1713 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1710 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1742 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1659 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1470 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1746 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1490 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1772 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1622 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1758 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1450 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1422 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1660 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1454 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1425 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1439 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1428 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1461 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1438 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1697 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1690 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1429 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1612 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1675 …}
    -id: 52402
    -password: "$2y$13$kabYapGG36iYaUBuepxh8urKg/FkeGBmt4EfflnNslQtpcz89Cm8G"
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1668 …}
    +apId: "AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
    +apProfileId: "https://beehaw.org/u/AzzyDev"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://beehaw.org/u/AzzyDev"
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://beehaw.org/inbox"
    +apDomain: "beehaw.org"
    +apPreferredUsername: "AzzyDev"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1728389310 {#1537
      date: 2024-10-08 14:08:30.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1696647047 {#1515
      date: 2023-10-07 04:50:47.0 +02:00
    }
    +__isInitialized__: true
     …2
  }
  +asLink: true
}
vote App\Twig\Components\VoteComponent 12.0 MiB 0.48 ms
Input props
[
  "subject" => App\Entity\EntryComment {#4547
    +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1943
      +avatar: null
      +cover: null
      +email: "AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
      +username: "@AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
      +roles: []
      +followersCount: 0
      +homepage: "front"
      +about: """
        `they/them`\n
        \n
        A backend developer mainly using Rust, though I’ve been messing around with JVM languages as of late. I play lots of video games too :)\n
        \n
        Mastodon: [@azzydev@tech.lgbt](https://tech.lgbt/users/azzydev)Matrix: [@azzydev:hackliberty.org](https://matrix.to/#/@azzydev:hackliberty.org)
        """
      +lastActive: DateTime @1697384866 {#1516
        date: 2023-10-15 17:47:46.0 +02:00
      }
      +markedForDeletionAt: null
      +fields: null
      +oauthGithubId: null
      +oauthGoogleId: null
      +oauthFacebookId: null
      +oauthKeycloakId: null
      +hideAdult: true
      +showSubscribedUsers: true
      +showSubscribedMagazines: true
      +showSubscribedDomains: true
      +preferredLanguages: []
      +featuredMagazines: null
      +showProfileSubscriptions: false
      +showProfileFollowings: true
      +markNewComments: false
      +notifyOnNewEntry: false
      +notifyOnNewEntryReply: true
      +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: true
      +notifyOnNewPost: false
      +notifyOnNewPostReply: true
      +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: true
      +addMentionsEntries: false
      +addMentionsPosts: true
      +isBanned: false
      +isVerified: false
      +isDeleted: false
      +isBot: false
      +spamProtection: true
      +customCss: null
      +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
      +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1632 …}
      +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1406 …}
      +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1713 …}
      +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1710 …}
      +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1742 …}
      +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1659 …}
      +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1470 …}
      +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1746 …}
      +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1490 …}
      +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1772 …}
      +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1622 …}
      +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1758 …}
      +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1450 …}
      +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1422 …}
      +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1660 …}
      +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1454 …}
      +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1425 …}
      +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1439 …}
      +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1428 …}
      +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1461 …}
      +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1438 …}
      +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1697 …}
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          +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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          Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
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          I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
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          I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
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          I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
          """
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      +body: """
        I’ll start off with your questions are a outside of what I know well. In general to do stuff with electronics, you don’t need to know the physics behind it, but the equations that pop out. Mainly V=IR, Almost everything goes back to that. Behind the scenes are lots and lots and lots of differential equations. [Alpha Pheonix](https://www.youtube.com/c/AlphaPhoenixChannel/videos) has a few good visualizations for resistance. He has a [water based demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_crwFuPht4) to visualize voltage and resistance, and a [maze demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3gnNpYK3lo) showing how electricity “finds” the path of least resistance. [ElectroBoom](https://www.youtube.com/@ElectroBOOM/videos) probably won’t teach you too much, but can show some interesting things you can do. [EEVblog](https://www.youtube.com/@EEVblog/playlists) has some good lectures. For specific applications Digikey and Texas Instruments have some basics, and there are many lectures online available.\n
        \n
        I think the questions you asked are a little more on the physics side than the electrical side, and the specifics I think of as a dark art that comes with experience. In general most capacitors you see are blocking DC on an AC circuit, coupling capacitors that are smoothing the power circuit, or capacitors to control/tune something specific. Those control values would be given in a datasheet. Resistors are often going to be current limiting, voltage dividing, or “pulling” a high impedance signal. To design something you often just need the rule of thumb, and not necessarily a deep understanding of “why”.
        """
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    +body: "EEVblog looks great! lots of material there! glibg10b mentioned the book “The Art of Electronics”, is this a good source too?"
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          +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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          Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
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          I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
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          I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
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          I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
          """
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      +body: """
        I’ll start off with your questions are a outside of what I know well. In general to do stuff with electronics, you don’t need to know the physics behind it, but the equations that pop out. Mainly V=IR, Almost everything goes back to that. Behind the scenes are lots and lots and lots of differential equations. [Alpha Pheonix](https://www.youtube.com/c/AlphaPhoenixChannel/videos) has a few good visualizations for resistance. He has a [water based demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_crwFuPht4) to visualize voltage and resistance, and a [maze demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3gnNpYK3lo) showing how electricity “finds” the path of least resistance. [ElectroBoom](https://www.youtube.com/@ElectroBOOM/videos) probably won’t teach you too much, but can show some interesting things you can do. [EEVblog](https://www.youtube.com/@EEVblog/playlists) has some good lectures. For specific applications Digikey and Texas Instruments have some basics, and there are many lectures online available.\n
        \n
        I think the questions you asked are a little more on the physics side than the electrical side, and the specifics I think of as a dark art that comes with experience. In general most capacitors you see are blocking DC on an AC circuit, coupling capacitors that are smoothing the power circuit, or capacitors to control/tune something specific. Those control values would be given in a datasheet. Resistors are often going to be current limiting, voltage dividing, or “pulling” a high impedance signal. To design something you often just need the rule of thumb, and not necessarily a deep understanding of “why”.
        """
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    +body: "EEVblog looks great! lots of material there! glibg10b mentioned the book “The Art of Electronics”, is this a good source too?"
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        A backend developer mainly using Rust, though I’ve been messing around with JVM languages as of late. I play lots of video games too :)\n
        \n
        Mastodon: [@azzydev@tech.lgbt](https://tech.lgbt/users/azzydev)Matrix: [@azzydev:hackliberty.org](https://matrix.to/#/@azzydev:hackliberty.org)
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          +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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          Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
          \n
          I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
          \n
          I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
          \n
          I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
          """
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      +body: """
        I’ll start off with your questions are a outside of what I know well. In general to do stuff with electronics, you don’t need to know the physics behind it, but the equations that pop out. Mainly V=IR, Almost everything goes back to that. Behind the scenes are lots and lots and lots of differential equations. [Alpha Pheonix](https://www.youtube.com/c/AlphaPhoenixChannel/videos) has a few good visualizations for resistance. He has a [water based demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_crwFuPht4) to visualize voltage and resistance, and a [maze demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3gnNpYK3lo) showing how electricity “finds” the path of least resistance. [ElectroBoom](https://www.youtube.com/@ElectroBOOM/videos) probably won’t teach you too much, but can show some interesting things you can do. [EEVblog](https://www.youtube.com/@EEVblog/playlists) has some good lectures. For specific applications Digikey and Texas Instruments have some basics, and there are many lectures online available.\n
        \n
        I think the questions you asked are a little more on the physics side than the electrical side, and the specifics I think of as a dark art that comes with experience. In general most capacitors you see are blocking DC on an AC circuit, coupling capacitors that are smoothing the power circuit, or capacitors to control/tune something specific. Those control values would be given in a datasheet. Resistors are often going to be current limiting, voltage dividing, or “pulling” a high impedance signal. To design something you often just need the rule of thumb, and not necessarily a deep understanding of “why”.
        """
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    +body: "EEVblog looks great! lots of material there! glibg10b mentioned the book “The Art of Electronics”, is this a good source too?"
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          +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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          Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
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          I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
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          I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
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          I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
          """
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        I’ll start off with your questions are a outside of what I know well. In general to do stuff with electronics, you don’t need to know the physics behind it, but the equations that pop out. Mainly V=IR, Almost everything goes back to that. Behind the scenes are lots and lots and lots of differential equations. [Alpha Pheonix](https://www.youtube.com/c/AlphaPhoenixChannel/videos) has a few good visualizations for resistance. He has a [water based demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_crwFuPht4) to visualize voltage and resistance, and a [maze demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3gnNpYK3lo) showing how electricity “finds” the path of least resistance. [ElectroBoom](https://www.youtube.com/@ElectroBOOM/videos) probably won’t teach you too much, but can show some interesting things you can do. [EEVblog](https://www.youtube.com/@EEVblog/playlists) has some good lectures. For specific applications Digikey and Texas Instruments have some basics, and there are many lectures online available.\n
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        I think the questions you asked are a little more on the physics side than the electrical side, and the specifics I think of as a dark art that comes with experience. In general most capacitors you see are blocking DC on an AC circuit, coupling capacitors that are smoothing the power circuit, or capacitors to control/tune something specific. Those control values would be given in a datasheet. Resistors are often going to be current limiting, voltage dividing, or “pulling” a high impedance signal. To design something you often just need the rule of thumb, and not necessarily a deep understanding of “why”.
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          +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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          Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
          \n
          I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
          \n
          I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
          \n
          I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
          """
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        I’ll start off with your questions are a outside of what I know well. In general to do stuff with electronics, you don’t need to know the physics behind it, but the equations that pop out. Mainly V=IR, Almost everything goes back to that. Behind the scenes are lots and lots and lots of differential equations. [Alpha Pheonix](https://www.youtube.com/c/AlphaPhoenixChannel/videos) has a few good visualizations for resistance. He has a [water based demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_crwFuPht4) to visualize voltage and resistance, and a [maze demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3gnNpYK3lo) showing how electricity “finds” the path of least resistance. [ElectroBoom](https://www.youtube.com/@ElectroBOOM/videos) probably won’t teach you too much, but can show some interesting things you can do. [EEVblog](https://www.youtube.com/@EEVblog/playlists) has some good lectures. For specific applications Digikey and Texas Instruments have some basics, and there are many lectures online available.\n
        \n
        I think the questions you asked are a little more on the physics side than the electrical side, and the specifics I think of as a dark art that comes with experience. In general most capacitors you see are blocking DC on an AC circuit, coupling capacitors that are smoothing the power circuit, or capacitors to control/tune something specific. Those control values would be given in a datasheet. Resistors are often going to be current limiting, voltage dividing, or “pulling” a high impedance signal. To design something you often just need the rule of thumb, and not necessarily a deep understanding of “why”.
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    +body: "EEVblog looks great! lots of material there! glibg10b mentioned the book “The Art of Electronics”, is this a good source too?"
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          +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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          Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
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          I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
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          I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
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          I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
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        I’ll start off with your questions are a outside of what I know well. In general to do stuff with electronics, you don’t need to know the physics behind it, but the equations that pop out. Mainly V=IR, Almost everything goes back to that. Behind the scenes are lots and lots and lots of differential equations. [Alpha Pheonix](https://www.youtube.com/c/AlphaPhoenixChannel/videos) has a few good visualizations for resistance. He has a [water based demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_crwFuPht4) to visualize voltage and resistance, and a [maze demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3gnNpYK3lo) showing how electricity “finds” the path of least resistance. [ElectroBoom](https://www.youtube.com/@ElectroBOOM/videos) probably won’t teach you too much, but can show some interesting things you can do. [EEVblog](https://www.youtube.com/@EEVblog/playlists) has some good lectures. For specific applications Digikey and Texas Instruments have some basics, and there are many lectures online available.\n
        \n
        I think the questions you asked are a little more on the physics side than the electrical side, and the specifics I think of as a dark art that comes with experience. In general most capacitors you see are blocking DC on an AC circuit, coupling capacitors that are smoothing the power circuit, or capacitors to control/tune something specific. Those control values would be given in a datasheet. Resistors are often going to be current limiting, voltage dividing, or “pulling” a high impedance signal. To design something you often just need the rule of thumb, and not necessarily a deep understanding of “why”.
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            +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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          +body: """
            Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
            \n
            I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
            \n
            I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
            \n
            I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
            """
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          I’ll start off with your questions are a outside of what I know well. In general to do stuff with electronics, you don’t need to know the physics behind it, but the equations that pop out. Mainly V=IR, Almost everything goes back to that. Behind the scenes are lots and lots and lots of differential equations. [Alpha Pheonix](https://www.youtube.com/c/AlphaPhoenixChannel/videos) has a few good visualizations for resistance. He has a [water based demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_crwFuPht4) to visualize voltage and resistance, and a [maze demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3gnNpYK3lo) showing how electricity “finds” the path of least resistance. [ElectroBoom](https://www.youtube.com/@ElectroBOOM/videos) probably won’t teach you too much, but can show some interesting things you can do. [EEVblog](https://www.youtube.com/@EEVblog/playlists) has some good lectures. For specific applications Digikey and Texas Instruments have some basics, and there are many lectures online available.\n
          \n
          I think the questions you asked are a little more on the physics side than the electrical side, and the specifics I think of as a dark art that comes with experience. In general most capacitors you see are blocking DC on an AC circuit, coupling capacitors that are smoothing the power circuit, or capacitors to control/tune something specific. Those control values would be given in a datasheet. Resistors are often going to be current limiting, voltage dividing, or “pulling” a high impedance signal. To design something you often just need the rule of thumb, and not necessarily a deep understanding of “why”.
          """
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      +body: "EEVblog looks great! lots of material there! glibg10b mentioned the book “The Art of Electronics”, is this a good source too?"
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    +body: "That is an *excellent* source."
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          Rules\n
          -----\n
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          2: Be on-topic (eg: *Electronic*, not *electrical*).\n
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            +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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          +body: """
            Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
            \n
            I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
            \n
            I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
            \n
            I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
            """
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        +body: """
          I’ll start off with your questions are a outside of what I know well. In general to do stuff with electronics, you don’t need to know the physics behind it, but the equations that pop out. Mainly V=IR, Almost everything goes back to that. Behind the scenes are lots and lots and lots of differential equations. [Alpha Pheonix](https://www.youtube.com/c/AlphaPhoenixChannel/videos) has a few good visualizations for resistance. He has a [water based demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_crwFuPht4) to visualize voltage and resistance, and a [maze demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3gnNpYK3lo) showing how electricity “finds” the path of least resistance. [ElectroBoom](https://www.youtube.com/@ElectroBOOM/videos) probably won’t teach you too much, but can show some interesting things you can do. [EEVblog](https://www.youtube.com/@EEVblog/playlists) has some good lectures. For specific applications Digikey and Texas Instruments have some basics, and there are many lectures online available.\n
          \n
          I think the questions you asked are a little more on the physics side than the electrical side, and the specifics I think of as a dark art that comes with experience. In general most capacitors you see are blocking DC on an AC circuit, coupling capacitors that are smoothing the power circuit, or capacitors to control/tune something specific. Those control values would be given in a datasheet. Resistors are often going to be current limiting, voltage dividing, or “pulling” a high impedance signal. To design something you often just need the rule of thumb, and not necessarily a deep understanding of “why”.
          """
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      +body: "EEVblog looks great! lots of material there! glibg10b mentioned the book “The Art of Electronics”, is this a good source too?"
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    +body: "That is an *excellent* source."
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Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\UserInlineComponent {#13037
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    +avatar: null
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    +email: "Eufalconimorph@discuss.tchncs.de"
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    +customCss: null
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    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13082 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#13085 …}
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date App\Twig\Components\DateComponent 14.0 MiB 0.17 ms
Input props
[
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    date: 2023-10-08 19:28:55.0 +02:00
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]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\DateComponent {#13155
  +date: DateTimeImmutable @1696786135 {#4577
    date: 2023-10-08 19:28:55.0 +02:00
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}
date_edited App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent 14.0 MiB 0.12 ms
Input props
[
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    date: 2023-10-08 19:28:55.0 +02:00
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  "editedAt" => null
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent {#13209
  +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1696786135 {#4577
    date: 2023-10-08 19:28:55.0 +02:00
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  +editedAt: null
}
user_avatar App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent 14.0 MiB 0.15 ms
Input props
[
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    +followersCount: 0
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    +lastActive: DateTime @1702934773 {#13077
      date: 2023-12-18 22:26:13.0 +01:00
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]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent {#13263
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vote App\Twig\Components\VoteComponent 14.0 MiB 0.63 ms
Input props
[
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        date: 2023-06-20 19:20:39.0 +02:00
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       …2
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            +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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            Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
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            I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
            \n
            I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
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            I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
            """
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        +body: """
          I’ll start off with your questions are a outside of what I know well. In general to do stuff with electronics, you don’t need to know the physics behind it, but the equations that pop out. Mainly V=IR, Almost everything goes back to that. Behind the scenes are lots and lots and lots of differential equations. [Alpha Pheonix](https://www.youtube.com/c/AlphaPhoenixChannel/videos) has a few good visualizations for resistance. He has a [water based demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_crwFuPht4) to visualize voltage and resistance, and a [maze demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3gnNpYK3lo) showing how electricity “finds” the path of least resistance. [ElectroBoom](https://www.youtube.com/@ElectroBOOM/videos) probably won’t teach you too much, but can show some interesting things you can do. [EEVblog](https://www.youtube.com/@EEVblog/playlists) has some good lectures. For specific applications Digikey and Texas Instruments have some basics, and there are many lectures online available.\n
          \n
          I think the questions you asked are a little more on the physics side than the electrical side, and the specifics I think of as a dark art that comes with experience. In general most capacitors you see are blocking DC on an AC circuit, coupling capacitors that are smoothing the power circuit, or capacitors to control/tune something specific. Those control values would be given in a datasheet. Resistors are often going to be current limiting, voltage dividing, or “pulling” a high impedance signal. To design something you often just need the rule of thumb, and not necessarily a deep understanding of “why”.
          """
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      +body: "EEVblog looks great! lots of material there! glibg10b mentioned the book “The Art of Electronics”, is this a good source too?"
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    +body: "That is an *excellent* source."
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            +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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            Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
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            I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
            \n
            I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
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            I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
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          I’ll start off with your questions are a outside of what I know well. In general to do stuff with electronics, you don’t need to know the physics behind it, but the equations that pop out. Mainly V=IR, Almost everything goes back to that. Behind the scenes are lots and lots and lots of differential equations. [Alpha Pheonix](https://www.youtube.com/c/AlphaPhoenixChannel/videos) has a few good visualizations for resistance. He has a [water based demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_crwFuPht4) to visualize voltage and resistance, and a [maze demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3gnNpYK3lo) showing how electricity “finds” the path of least resistance. [ElectroBoom](https://www.youtube.com/@ElectroBOOM/videos) probably won’t teach you too much, but can show some interesting things you can do. [EEVblog](https://www.youtube.com/@EEVblog/playlists) has some good lectures. For specific applications Digikey and Texas Instruments have some basics, and there are many lectures online available.\n
          \n
          I think the questions you asked are a little more on the physics side than the electrical side, and the specifics I think of as a dark art that comes with experience. In general most capacitors you see are blocking DC on an AC circuit, coupling capacitors that are smoothing the power circuit, or capacitors to control/tune something specific. Those control values would be given in a datasheet. Resistors are often going to be current limiting, voltage dividing, or “pulling” a high impedance signal. To design something you often just need the rule of thumb, and not necessarily a deep understanding of “why”.
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      +body: "EEVblog looks great! lots of material there! glibg10b mentioned the book “The Art of Electronics”, is this a good source too?"
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            +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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          +body: """
            Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
            \n
            I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
            \n
            I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
            \n
            I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
            """
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        +body: """
          I’ll start off with your questions are a outside of what I know well. In general to do stuff with electronics, you don’t need to know the physics behind it, but the equations that pop out. Mainly V=IR, Almost everything goes back to that. Behind the scenes are lots and lots and lots of differential equations. [Alpha Pheonix](https://www.youtube.com/c/AlphaPhoenixChannel/videos) has a few good visualizations for resistance. He has a [water based demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_crwFuPht4) to visualize voltage and resistance, and a [maze demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3gnNpYK3lo) showing how electricity “finds” the path of least resistance. [ElectroBoom](https://www.youtube.com/@ElectroBOOM/videos) probably won’t teach you too much, but can show some interesting things you can do. [EEVblog](https://www.youtube.com/@EEVblog/playlists) has some good lectures. For specific applications Digikey and Texas Instruments have some basics, and there are many lectures online available.\n
          \n
          I think the questions you asked are a little more on the physics side than the electrical side, and the specifics I think of as a dark art that comes with experience. In general most capacitors you see are blocking DC on an AC circuit, coupling capacitors that are smoothing the power circuit, or capacitors to control/tune something specific. Those control values would be given in a datasheet. Resistors are often going to be current limiting, voltage dividing, or “pulling” a high impedance signal. To design something you often just need the rule of thumb, and not necessarily a deep understanding of “why”.
          """
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      +body: "EEVblog looks great! lots of material there! glibg10b mentioned the book “The Art of Electronics”, is this a good source too?"
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    +body: "That is an *excellent* source."
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            +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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            Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
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            I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
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            I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
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            I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
            """
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          I’ll start off with your questions are a outside of what I know well. In general to do stuff with electronics, you don’t need to know the physics behind it, but the equations that pop out. Mainly V=IR, Almost everything goes back to that. Behind the scenes are lots and lots and lots of differential equations. [Alpha Pheonix](https://www.youtube.com/c/AlphaPhoenixChannel/videos) has a few good visualizations for resistance. He has a [water based demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_crwFuPht4) to visualize voltage and resistance, and a [maze demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3gnNpYK3lo) showing how electricity “finds” the path of least resistance. [ElectroBoom](https://www.youtube.com/@ElectroBOOM/videos) probably won’t teach you too much, but can show some interesting things you can do. [EEVblog](https://www.youtube.com/@EEVblog/playlists) has some good lectures. For specific applications Digikey and Texas Instruments have some basics, and there are many lectures online available.\n
          \n
          I think the questions you asked are a little more on the physics side than the electrical side, and the specifics I think of as a dark art that comes with experience. In general most capacitors you see are blocking DC on an AC circuit, coupling capacitors that are smoothing the power circuit, or capacitors to control/tune something specific. Those control values would be given in a datasheet. Resistors are often going to be current limiting, voltage dividing, or “pulling” a high impedance signal. To design something you often just need the rule of thumb, and not necessarily a deep understanding of “why”.
          """
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      +body: "EEVblog looks great! lots of material there! glibg10b mentioned the book “The Art of Electronics”, is this a good source too?"
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    +body: "That is an *excellent* source."
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            +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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            Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
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            I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
            \n
            I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
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            I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
            """
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          I’ll start off with your questions are a outside of what I know well. In general to do stuff with electronics, you don’t need to know the physics behind it, but the equations that pop out. Mainly V=IR, Almost everything goes back to that. Behind the scenes are lots and lots and lots of differential equations. [Alpha Pheonix](https://www.youtube.com/c/AlphaPhoenixChannel/videos) has a few good visualizations for resistance. He has a [water based demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_crwFuPht4) to visualize voltage and resistance, and a [maze demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3gnNpYK3lo) showing how electricity “finds” the path of least resistance. [ElectroBoom](https://www.youtube.com/@ElectroBOOM/videos) probably won’t teach you too much, but can show some interesting things you can do. [EEVblog](https://www.youtube.com/@EEVblog/playlists) has some good lectures. For specific applications Digikey and Texas Instruments have some basics, and there are many lectures online available.\n
          \n
          I think the questions you asked are a little more on the physics side than the electrical side, and the specifics I think of as a dark art that comes with experience. In general most capacitors you see are blocking DC on an AC circuit, coupling capacitors that are smoothing the power circuit, or capacitors to control/tune something specific. Those control values would be given in a datasheet. Resistors are often going to be current limiting, voltage dividing, or “pulling” a high impedance signal. To design something you often just need the rule of thumb, and not necessarily a deep understanding of “why”.
          """
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            +body: "I guess my question to you would be what are your goals? Do you have a project in mind? Do you have a technology, Analog, RF, MCU, FPGA, embedded design? I tend to learn a new thing better when I have an end goal or project to work towards. Depending on where your starting from, a pi might be a good place to start too. You still have most of the I/O and busses of an Arduino, but you can program everything in python, and you have the resources of a full OS too."
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          +body: """
            Probably stuff like microcontrollers/embedded applications! (I’d like to think) I already know much of the higher-level concepts of computers and how they work, I’ve messed around with programming in Rust or C#, I’ve been daily-driving linux for a few years, I’ve wrote software to do basic tasks for me, but my end goal is to apply my experiences to the physical world. I know very little about the basics of electronics, the physics of it, why PCBs are designed the way they are, etc.\n
            \n
            I guess I’d like resources for the lowest-of-the-low-level stuff? Like “How electricity in general works”, “Use-cases for resistors”, “Why you sometimes see capacitors in weird places”, etc.\n
            \n
            I’m just now realizing how vague my original question was? i’m sorry about that haha.\n
            \n
            I don’t have a particular goal in mind though, i just think this stuff is cool, and I’d like to at some point be able to sit down and make something wacky or useful with KiCad/similar.
            """
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        +body: """
          I’ll start off with your questions are a outside of what I know well. In general to do stuff with electronics, you don’t need to know the physics behind it, but the equations that pop out. Mainly V=IR, Almost everything goes back to that. Behind the scenes are lots and lots and lots of differential equations. [Alpha Pheonix](https://www.youtube.com/c/AlphaPhoenixChannel/videos) has a few good visualizations for resistance. He has a [water based demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X_crwFuPht4) to visualize voltage and resistance, and a [maze demo](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3gnNpYK3lo) showing how electricity “finds” the path of least resistance. [ElectroBoom](https://www.youtube.com/@ElectroBOOM/videos) probably won’t teach you too much, but can show some interesting things you can do. [EEVblog](https://www.youtube.com/@EEVblog/playlists) has some good lectures. For specific applications Digikey and Texas Instruments have some basics, and there are many lectures online available.\n
          \n
          I think the questions you asked are a little more on the physics side than the electrical side, and the specifics I think of as a dark art that comes with experience. In general most capacitors you see are blocking DC on an AC circuit, coupling capacitors that are smoothing the power circuit, or capacitors to control/tune something specific. Those control values would be given in a datasheet. Resistors are often going to be current limiting, voltage dividing, or “pulling” a high impedance signal. To design something you often just need the rule of thumb, and not necessarily a deep understanding of “why”.
          """
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      +body: "EEVblog looks great! lots of material there! glibg10b mentioned the book “The Art of Electronics”, is this a good source too?"
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    +body: "That is an *excellent* source."
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entry_comment App\Twig\Components\EntryCommentComponent 14.0 MiB 14.16 ms
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      \n
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      - Gaming Centric (start your own cheap server, mod creation, and plunge into distros!)\n
      - Academic Learning (take a free course online on the basics of something like Python)\n
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      edit: formatting
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      That’s a really tough and broad question to ask. I would start with something you’re interested in and dive down the rabbit hole from there.\n
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      edit: formatting
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    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4341 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4343 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4345 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4347 …}
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    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4349 …}
    +apId: "Cataphract@lemmy.ml"
    +apProfileId: "https://lemmy.ml/u/Cataphract"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://lemmy.ml/u/Cataphract"
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://lemmy.ml/inbox"
    +apDomain: "lemmy.ml"
    +apPreferredUsername: "Cataphract"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
    +privateKey: null
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    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1698057350 {#4281
      date: 2023-10-23 12:35:50.0 +02:00
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    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1695401529 {#4282
      date: 2023-09-22 18:52:09.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  "showAvatar" => false
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\UserInlineComponent {#13789
  +user: App\Entity\User {#4296
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "Cataphract@lemmy.ml"
    +username: "@Cataphract@lemmy.ml"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1728785130 {#4280
      date: 2024-10-13 04:05:30.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: false
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: true
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: true
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
    +isVerified: false
    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4297 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4299 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4301 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4303 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4305 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4307 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4309 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4311 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4313 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4315 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4317 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4319 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4321 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4323 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4325 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4327 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4329 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4331 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4333 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4335 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4337 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4339 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4341 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4343 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4345 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4347 …}
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    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4349 …}
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    +apProfileId: "https://lemmy.ml/u/Cataphract"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://lemmy.ml/u/Cataphract"
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://lemmy.ml/inbox"
    +apDomain: "lemmy.ml"
    +apPreferredUsername: "Cataphract"
    +apDiscoverable: true
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    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1698057350 {#4281
      date: 2023-10-23 12:35:50.0 +02:00
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    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1695401529 {#4282
      date: 2023-09-22 18:52:09.0 +02:00
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  }
  +showAvatar: false
}
date App\Twig\Components\DateComponent 14.0 MiB 0.14 ms
Input props
[
  "date" => DateTimeImmutable @1696666269 {#4279
    date: 2023-10-07 10:11:09.0 +02:00
  }
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\DateComponent {#13844
  +date: DateTimeImmutable @1696666269 {#4279
    date: 2023-10-07 10:11:09.0 +02:00
  }
}
date_edited App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent 14.0 MiB 0.10 ms
Input props
[
  "createdAt" => DateTimeImmutable @1696666269 {#4279
    date: 2023-10-07 10:11:09.0 +02:00
  }
  "editedAt" => DateTimeImmutable @1696666353 {#4278
    date: 2023-10-07 10:12:33.0 +02:00
  }
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent {#13898
  +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1696666269 {#4279
    date: 2023-10-07 10:11:09.0 +02:00
  }
  +editedAt: DateTimeImmutable @1696666353 {#4278
    date: 2023-10-07 10:12:33.0 +02:00
  }
}
user_avatar App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent 14.0 MiB 0.16 ms
Input props
[
  "user" => App\Entity\User {#4296
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "Cataphract@lemmy.ml"
    +username: "@Cataphract@lemmy.ml"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1728785130 {#4280
      date: 2024-10-13 04:05:30.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: false
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: true
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: true
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
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    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4297 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4299 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4301 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4303 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4305 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4307 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4309 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4311 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4313 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4315 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4317 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4319 …}
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    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4323 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4325 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4327 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4329 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4331 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4333 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4335 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4337 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4339 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4341 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4343 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4345 …}
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    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4349 …}
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    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://lemmy.ml/inbox"
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    +apDiscoverable: true
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    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1698057350 {#4281
      date: 2023-10-23 12:35:50.0 +02:00
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    +apDeletedAt: null
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    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1695401529 {#4282
      date: 2023-09-22 18:52:09.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  "width" => 40
  "height" => 40
  "asLink" => true
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent {#13952
  +width: 40
  +height: 40
  +user: App\Entity\User {#4296
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "Cataphract@lemmy.ml"
    +username: "@Cataphract@lemmy.ml"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1728785130 {#4280
      date: 2024-10-13 04:05:30.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: false
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    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
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    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
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    +addMentionsEntries: false
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    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4297 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4299 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4301 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4303 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4305 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4307 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4309 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4311 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4313 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4315 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4317 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4319 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4321 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4323 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4325 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4327 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4329 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4331 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4333 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4335 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4337 …}
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    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4341 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4343 …}
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    -totpSecret: null
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    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4349 …}
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      date: 2023-10-23 12:35:50.0 +02:00
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    +apDeletedAt: null
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    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1695401529 {#4282
      date: 2023-09-22 18:52:09.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  +asLink: true
}
vote App\Twig\Components\VoteComponent 14.0 MiB 0.44 ms
Input props
[
  "subject" => App\Entity\EntryComment {#4283
    +user: App\Entity\User {#4296
      +avatar: null
      +cover: null
      +email: "Cataphract@lemmy.ml"
      +username: "@Cataphract@lemmy.ml"
      +roles: []
      +followersCount: 0
      +homepage: "front"
      +about: null
      +lastActive: DateTime @1728785130 {#4280
        date: 2024-10-13 04:05:30.0 +02:00
      }
      +markedForDeletionAt: null
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      +showSubscribedUsers: true
      +showSubscribedMagazines: true
      +showSubscribedDomains: true
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      +featuredMagazines: null
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      +notifyOnNewEntry: false
      +notifyOnNewEntryReply: true
      +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: true
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      +addMentionsEntries: false
      +addMentionsPosts: true
      +isBanned: false
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      +isDeleted: false
      +isBot: false
      +spamProtection: true
      +customCss: null
      +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
      +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4297 …}
      +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4299 …}
      +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4301 …}
      +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4303 …}
      +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4305 …}
      +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4307 …}
      +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4309 …}
      +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4311 …}
      +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4313 …}
      +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4315 …}
      +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4317 …}
      +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4319 …}
      +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4321 …}
      +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4323 …}
      +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4325 …}
      +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4327 …}
      +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4329 …}
      +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4331 …}
      +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4333 …}
      +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4335 …}
      +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4337 …}
      +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4339 …}
      +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4341 …}
      +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4343 …}
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      +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4347 …}
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      -totpSecret: null
      -totpBackupCodes: []
      -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4349 …}
      +apId: "Cataphract@lemmy.ml"
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      +apPublicUrl: "https://lemmy.ml/u/Cataphract"
      +apFollowersUrl: null
      +apInboxUrl: "https://lemmy.ml/inbox"
      +apDomain: "lemmy.ml"
      +apPreferredUsername: "Cataphract"
      +apDiscoverable: true
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      +privateKey: null
      +publicKey: null
      +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1698057350 {#4281
        date: 2023-10-23 12:35:50.0 +02:00
      }
      +apDeletedAt: null
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      +visibility: "visible             "
      +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1695401529 {#4282
        date: 2023-09-22 18:52:09.0 +02:00
      }
    }
    +entry: App\Entity\Entry {#2388
      +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1943
        +avatar: null
        +cover: null
        +email: "AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
        +username: "@AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
        +roles: []
        +followersCount: 0
        +homepage: "front"
        +about: """
          `they/them`\n
          \n
          A backend developer mainly using Rust, though I’ve been messing around with JVM languages as of late. I play lots of video games too :)\n
          \n
          Mastodon: [@azzydev@tech.lgbt](https://tech.lgbt/users/azzydev)Matrix: [@azzydev:hackliberty.org](https://matrix.to/#/@azzydev:hackliberty.org)
          """
        +lastActive: DateTime @1697384866 {#1516
          date: 2023-10-15 17:47:46.0 +02:00
        }
        +markedForDeletionAt: null
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        +oauthGoogleId: null
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        +showSubscribedMagazines: true
        +showSubscribedDomains: true
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        +markNewComments: false
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        +isBot: false
        +spamProtection: true
        +customCss: null
        +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
        +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1632 …}
        +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1406 …}
        +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1713 …}
        +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1710 …}
        +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1742 …}
        +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1659 …}
        +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1470 …}
        +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1746 …}
        +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1490 …}
        +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1772 …}
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        +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1758 …}
        +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1450 …}
        +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1422 …}
        +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1660 …}
        +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1454 …}
        +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1425 …}
        +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1439 …}
        +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1428 …}
        +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1461 …}
        +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1438 …}
        +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1697 …}
        +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1690 …}
        +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1429 …}
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        +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1675 …}
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        -password: "$2y$13$kabYapGG36iYaUBuepxh8urKg/FkeGBmt4EfflnNslQtpcz89Cm8G"
        -totpSecret: null
        -totpBackupCodes: []
        -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1668 …}
        +apId: "AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
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        +apDiscoverable: true
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        +privateKey: null
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        +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1728389310 {#1537
          date: 2024-10-08 14:08:30.0 +02:00
        }
        +apDeletedAt: null
        +apTimeoutAt: null
        +visibility: "visible             "
        +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1696647047 {#1515
          date: 2023-10-07 04:50:47.0 +02:00
        }
        +__isInitialized__: true
         …2
      }
      +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#266
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          \n
          Rules\n
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          \n
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    +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#266}
    +image: null
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      That’s a really tough and broad question to ask. I would start with something you’re interested in and dive down the rabbit hole from there.\n
      \n
      - Physical feats (led, cosmetic builds, arduino like other’s have stated)\n
      - Gaming Centric (start your own cheap server, mod creation, and plunge into distros!)\n
      - Academic Learning (take a free course online on the basics of something like Python)\n
      - Home Networking Server (start hosting your own NAS (network attached storage/media) and add security to your network).\n
      \n
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      \n
      edit: formatting
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    +children: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4284 …}
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         …2
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        +name: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
        +title: "askelectronics"
        +description: """
          **For questions about component-level electronic circuits, tools and equipment.**\n
          \n
          Rules\n
          -----\n
          \n
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          \n
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      +image: null
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      +slug: "How-should-I-get-started"
      +title: "How should I get started?"
      +url: null
      +body: "Hello y’all! I’ve always been interested in computers and programming for as long as i can remember, but recently i’ve decided to try to get into some of the deeper stuff behind that, into the wonderful world of electronics. Where should I start? What courses or books or youtube series should I consume? What are some high-quality forums, communities, blogs, etc. to learn from?"
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    +body: """
      That’s a really tough and broad question to ask. I would start with something you’re interested in and dive down the rabbit hole from there.\n
      \n
      - Physical feats (led, cosmetic builds, arduino like other’s have stated)\n
      - Gaming Centric (start your own cheap server, mod creation, and plunge into distros!)\n
      - Academic Learning (take a free course online on the basics of something like Python)\n
      - Home Networking Server (start hosting your own NAS (network attached storage/media) and add security to your network).\n
      \n
      If you narrow it down some then you’ll probably get more useful tips/links for what you’re looking for.\n
      \n
      edit: formatting
      """
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  -cache: Symfony\Component\Cache\Adapter\TraceableTagAwareAdapter {#600 …}
}
boost App\Twig\Components\BoostComponent 14.0 MiB 1.07 ms
Input props
[
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      edit: formatting
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      - Gaming Centric (start your own cheap server, mod creation, and plunge into distros!)\n
      - Academic Learning (take a free course online on the basics of something like Python)\n
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      edit: formatting
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      That’s a really tough and broad question to ask. I would start with something you’re interested in and dive down the rabbit hole from there.\n
      \n
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      - Gaming Centric (start your own cheap server, mod creation, and plunge into distros!)\n
      - Academic Learning (take a free course online on the basics of something like Python)\n
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      \n
      If you narrow it down some then you’ll probably get more useful tips/links for what you’re looking for.\n
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      edit: formatting
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  "view" => "tree"
]
Attributes
[
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]
Component
App\Twig\Components\EntryCommentsNestedComponent {#14039
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          \n
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        +__isInitialized__: true
         …2
      }
      +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#266
        +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#247 …}
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        +title: "askelectronics"
        +description: """
          **For questions about component-level electronic circuits, tools and equipment.**\n
          \n
          Rules\n
          -----\n
          \n
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          \n
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          \n
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          \n
          ---
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      +image: null
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      +slug: "How-should-I-get-started"
      +title: "How should I get started?"
      +url: null
      +body: "Hello y’all! I’ve always been interested in computers and programming for as long as i can remember, but recently i’ve decided to try to get into some of the deeper stuff behind that, into the wonderful world of electronics. Where should I start? What courses or books or youtube series should I consume? What are some high-quality forums, communities, blogs, etc. to learn from?"
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    +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#266}
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    +body: """
      That’s a really tough and broad question to ask. I would start with something you’re interested in and dive down the rabbit hole from there.\n
      \n
      - Physical feats (led, cosmetic builds, arduino like other’s have stated)\n
      - Gaming Centric (start your own cheap server, mod creation, and plunge into distros!)\n
      - Academic Learning (take a free course online on the basics of something like Python)\n
      - Home Networking Server (start hosting your own NAS (network attached storage/media) and add security to your network).\n
      \n
      If you narrow it down some then you’ll probably get more useful tips/links for what you’re looking for.\n
      \n
      edit: formatting
      """
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  +nestedComments: []
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  -entryCommentRepository: App\Repository\EntryCommentRepository {#558 …}
  -twig: Twig\Environment {#1252 …}
  -security: Symfony\Bundle\SecurityBundle\Security {#1101 …}
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  -requestStack: Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\RequestStack {#1328 …}
}
entry_comment App\Twig\Components\EntryCommentComponent 14.0 MiB 64.51 ms
Input props
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Component
App\Twig\Components\UserInlineComponent {#8177
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date App\Twig\Components\DateComponent 14.0 MiB 0.15 ms
Input props
[
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    date: 2023-10-07 05:16:02.0 +02:00
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]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\DateComponent {#8225
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}
date_edited App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent 14.0 MiB 0.11 ms
Input props
[
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]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent {#8894
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}
user_avatar App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent 14.0 MiB 0.15 ms
Input props
[
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Attributes
[]
Component
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Input props
[
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boost App\Twig\Components\BoostComponent 14.0 MiB 0.90 ms
Input props
[
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    +user: App\Entity\User {#4369
      +avatar: null
      +cover: null
      +email: "tempo@discuss.tchncs.de"
      +username: "@tempo@discuss.tchncs.de"
      +roles: []
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      +lastActive: DateTime @1696648564 {#4353
        date: 2023-10-07 05:16:04.0 +02:00
      }
      +markedForDeletionAt: null
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      +customCss: null
      +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
      +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4370 …}
      +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4372 …}
      +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4374 …}
      +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4376 …}
      +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4378 …}
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    }
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          \n
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          """
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          date: 2023-10-07 04:50:47.0 +02:00
        }
        +__isInitialized__: true
         …2
      }
      +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#266
        +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#247 …}
        +name: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
        +title: "askelectronics"
        +description: """
          **For questions about component-level electronic circuits, tools and equipment.**\n
          \n
          Rules\n
          -----\n
          \n
          1: Be nice.\n
          \n
          2: Be on-topic (eg: *Electronic*, not *electrical*).\n
          \n
          3: No commercial stuff, buying, selling or valuations.\n
          \n
          4: Be safe.\n
          \n
          ---
          """
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        +moderators: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#238 …}
        +ownershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#234 …}
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          date: 2023-06-19 05:13:29.0 +02:00
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      }
      +image: null
      +domain: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Domain {#1912 …}
      +slug: "How-should-I-get-started"
      +title: "How should I get started?"
      +url: null
      +body: "Hello y’all! I’ve always been interested in computers and programming for as long as i can remember, but recently i’ve decided to try to get into some of the deeper stuff behind that, into the wonderful world of electronics. Where should I start? What courses or books or youtube series should I consume? What are some high-quality forums, communities, blogs, etc. to learn from?"
      +type: "article"
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      +children: []
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      -titleTs: "'get':4 'start':5"
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    }
    +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#266}
    +image: null
    +parent: null
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    +body: "Have you tried Arduino yet? The website has a lot of good tutorial information. [www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage](https://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage) should get you started."
    +lang: "en"
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    ]
    +children: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#4357 …}
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    +ranking: 0
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]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\BoostComponent {#11903
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    +entry: App\Entity\Entry {#2388
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        +username: "@AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
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          `they/them`\n
          \n
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          \n
          Mastodon: [@azzydev@tech.lgbt](https://tech.lgbt/users/azzydev)Matrix: [@azzydev:hackliberty.org](https://matrix.to/#/@azzydev:hackliberty.org)
          """
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        +customCss: null
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        +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1632 …}
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          date: 2023-10-07 04:50:47.0 +02:00
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        +__isInitialized__: true
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entry_comments_nested App\Twig\Components\EntryCommentsNestedComponent 14.0 MiB 22.27 ms
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    +body: "Have you tried Arduino yet? The website has a lot of good tutorial information. [www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage](https://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage) should get you started."
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        I agree with the Arduino approach for learning: try something that immediately gives feedback.\n
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        On a more concrete example you can start with Make: Electronics book by Charles Platt. [PDF of the first edition (2009) is available from Makezine’s own CDN](https://cdn.makezine.com/make/shed/make_electronics_1.pdf). The book encourages learning by discovery. The leading text makes it clear:\n
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entry_comment App\Twig\Components\EntryCommentComponent 14.0 MiB 20.80 ms
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      +body: "Have you tried Arduino yet? The website has a lot of good tutorial information. [www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage](https://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage) should get you started."
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      I agree with the Arduino approach for learning: try something that immediately gives feedback.\n
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      On a more concrete example you can start with Make: Electronics book by Charles Platt. [PDF of the first edition (2009) is available from Makezine’s own CDN](https://cdn.makezine.com/make/shed/make_electronics_1.pdf). The book encourages learning by discovery. The leading text makes it clear:\n
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        +title: "askelectronics"
        +description: """
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          Rules\n
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          \n
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      +body: "Have you tried Arduino yet? The website has a lot of good tutorial information. [www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage](https://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage) should get you started."
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      I agree with the Arduino approach for learning: try something that immediately gives feedback.\n
      \n
      On a more concrete example you can start with Make: Electronics book by Charles Platt. [PDF of the first edition (2009) is available from Makezine’s own CDN](https://cdn.makezine.com/make/shed/make_electronics_1.pdf). The book encourages learning by discovery. The leading text makes it clear:\n
      \n
      > Burn things out, mess things up—that’s how you learn.
      """
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user_inline App\Twig\Components\UserInlineComponent 14.0 MiB 0.63 ms
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    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#14519 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#14521 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#14523 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#14525 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#14527 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#14529 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#14531 …}
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    -id: 14253
    -password: "$2y$13$b8nsxocjr2oM7Y/keJwaLeHkFimK1NbK1mO1h6mqTe2hHJfO35py."
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#14535 …}
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    +apDiscoverable: true
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    +privateKey: null
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    +apDeletedAt: null
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    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1688204810 {#14480
      date: 2023-07-01 11:46:50.0 +02:00
    }
    +__isInitialized__: true
     …2
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  +showAvatar: false
}
date App\Twig\Components\DateComponent 14.0 MiB 0.16 ms
Input props
[
  "date" => DateTimeImmutable @1696655077 {#4435
    date: 2023-10-07 07:04:37.0 +02:00
  }
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\DateComponent {#14556
  +date: DateTimeImmutable @1696655077 {#4435
    date: 2023-10-07 07:04:37.0 +02:00
  }
}
date_edited App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent 14.0 MiB 0.18 ms
Input props
[
  "createdAt" => DateTimeImmutable @1696655077 {#4435
    date: 2023-10-07 07:04:37.0 +02:00
  }
  "editedAt" => DateTimeImmutable @1696655703 {#4431
    date: 2023-10-07 07:15:03.0 +02:00
  }
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\DateEditedComponent {#14610
  +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1696655077 {#4435
    date: 2023-10-07 07:04:37.0 +02:00
  }
  +editedAt: DateTimeImmutable @1696655703 {#4431
    date: 2023-10-07 07:15:03.0 +02:00
  }
}
user_avatar App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent 14.0 MiB 4.03 ms
Input props
[
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    +avatar: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#14481 …}
    +cover: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#14482 …}
    +email: "kjo@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +username: "@kjo@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: "Software engineer, electronics hobbyist."
    +lastActive: DateTime @1701201667 {#14478
      date: 2023-11-28 21:01:07.0 +01:00
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    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
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    +hideAdult: true
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    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
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    +featuredMagazines: null
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    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#14483 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#14485 …}
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      date: 2023-07-01 11:46:50.0 +02:00
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  }
  "width" => 40
  "height" => 40
  "asLink" => true
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\UserAvatarComponent {#14664
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  +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#4444
    +avatar: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#14481 …}
    +cover: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#14482 …}
    +email: "kjo@discuss.tchncs.de"
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      date: 2023-11-28 21:01:07.0 +01:00
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      date: 2023-07-01 11:46:50.0 +02:00
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}
vote App\Twig\Components\VoteComponent 14.0 MiB 0.48 ms
Input props
[
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      +cover: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#14482 …}
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        date: 2023-11-28 21:01:07.0 +01:00
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        date: 2023-07-01 11:46:50.0 +02:00
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       …2
    }
    +entry: App\Entity\Entry {#2388
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          A backend developer mainly using Rust, though I’ve been messing around with JVM languages as of late. I play lots of video games too :)\n
          \n
          Mastodon: [@azzydev@tech.lgbt](https://tech.lgbt/users/azzydev)Matrix: [@azzydev:hackliberty.org](https://matrix.to/#/@azzydev:hackliberty.org)
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        +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1632 …}
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          date: 2023-10-07 04:50:47.0 +02:00
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        +__isInitialized__: true
         …2
      }
      +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#266
        +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#247 …}
        +name: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
        +title: "askelectronics"
        +description: """
          **For questions about component-level electronic circuits, tools and equipment.**\n
          \n
          Rules\n
          -----\n
          \n
          1: Be nice.\n
          \n
          2: Be on-topic (eg: *Electronic*, not *electrical*).\n
          \n
          3: No commercial stuff, buying, selling or valuations.\n
          \n
          4: Be safe.\n
          \n
          ---
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        +markedForDeletionAt: null
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      +image: null
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      +slug: "How-should-I-get-started"
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      +body: "Hello y’all! I’ve always been interested in computers and programming for as long as i can remember, but recently i’ve decided to try to get into some of the deeper stuff behind that, into the wonderful world of electronics. Where should I start? What courses or books or youtube series should I consume? What are some high-quality forums, communities, blogs, etc. to learn from?"
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      I agree with the Arduino approach for learning: try something that immediately gives feedback.\n
      \n
      On a more concrete example you can start with Make: Electronics book by Charles Platt. [PDF of the first edition (2009) is available from Makezine’s own CDN](https://cdn.makezine.com/make/shed/make_electronics_1.pdf). The book encourages learning by discovery. The leading text makes it clear:\n
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      I agree with the Arduino approach for learning: try something that immediately gives feedback.\n
      \n
      On a more concrete example you can start with Make: Electronics book by Charles Platt. [PDF of the first edition (2009) is available from Makezine’s own CDN](https://cdn.makezine.com/make/shed/make_electronics_1.pdf). The book encourages learning by discovery. The leading text makes it clear:\n
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      I agree with the Arduino approach for learning: try something that immediately gives feedback.\n
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      On a more concrete example you can start with Make: Electronics book by Charles Platt. [PDF of the first edition (2009) is available from Makezine’s own CDN](https://cdn.makezine.com/make/shed/make_electronics_1.pdf). The book encourages learning by discovery. The leading text makes it clear:\n
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      I agree with the Arduino approach for learning: try something that immediately gives feedback.\n
      \n
      On a more concrete example you can start with Make: Electronics book by Charles Platt. [PDF of the first edition (2009) is available from Makezine’s own CDN](https://cdn.makezine.com/make/shed/make_electronics_1.pdf). The book encourages learning by discovery. The leading text makes it clear:\n
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      """
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      +body: "Have you tried Arduino yet? The website has a lot of good tutorial information. [www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage](https://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage) should get you started."
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      I agree with the Arduino approach for learning: try something that immediately gives feedback.\n
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      +body: "Have you tried Arduino yet? The website has a lot of good tutorial information. [www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage](https://www.arduino.cc/en/Guide/HomePage) should get you started."
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      I agree with the Arduino approach for learning: try something that immediately gives feedback.\n
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      On a more concrete example you can start with Make: Electronics book by Charles Platt. [PDF of the first edition (2009) is available from Makezine’s own CDN](https://cdn.makezine.com/make/shed/make_electronics_1.pdf). The book encourages learning by discovery. The leading text makes it clear:\n
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      """
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    +apId: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/comment/3626409"
    +editedAt: DateTimeImmutable @1696655703 {#4431
      date: 2023-10-07 07:15:03.0 +02:00
    }
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1696655077 {#4435
      date: 2023-10-07 07:04:37.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  +nestedComments: []
  +level: 2
  +view: "tree"
  -entryCommentRepository: App\Repository\EntryCommentRepository {#558 …}
  -twig: Twig\Environment {#1252 …}
  -security: Symfony\Bundle\SecurityBundle\Security {#1101 …}
  -cache: Symfony\Component\Cache\Adapter\TraceableTagAwareAdapter {#600 …}
  -requestStack: Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\RequestStack {#1328 …}
}
settings_row_enum App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowEnumComponent 14.0 MiB 0.22 ms
Input props
[
  "label" => "Sidebar position"
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_GENERAL_SIDEBAR_POSITION"
  "values" => [
    [
      "name" => "Left"
      "value" => "LEFT"
    ]
    [
      "name" => "Right"
      "value" => "RIGHT"
    ]
  ]
  "defaultValue" => "RIGHT"
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowEnumComponent {#15179
  +label: "Sidebar position"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_GENERAL_SIDEBAR_POSITION"
  +values: [
    [
      "name" => "Left"
      "value" => "LEFT"
    ]
    [
      "name" => "Right"
      "value" => "RIGHT"
    ]
  ]
  +defaultValue: "RIGHT"
  +reloadRequired: true
}
settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent 14.0 MiB 0.25 ms
Input props
[
  "label" => "Dynamic lists"
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_GENERAL_DYNAMIC_LISTS"
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#15243
  +label: "Dynamic lists"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_GENERAL_DYNAMIC_LISTS"
  +defaultValue: false
  +reloadRequired: true
}
settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent 14.0 MiB 0.14 ms
Input props
[
  "label" => "Rounded edges"
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_GENERAL_ROUNDED_EDGES"
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#15308
  +label: "Rounded edges"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_GENERAL_ROUNDED_EDGES"
  +defaultValue: false
  +reloadRequired: true
}
settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent 14.0 MiB 0.13 ms
Input props
[
  "label" => "Infinite scrolling"
  "help" => "Automatically load more content when you reach the bottom of the page."
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_GENERAL_INFINITE_SCROLL"
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#15364
  +label: "Infinite scrolling"
  +help: "Automatically load more content when you reach the bottom of the page."
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_GENERAL_INFINITE_SCROLL"
  +defaultValue: false
  +reloadRequired: true
}
settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent 14.0 MiB 0.13 ms
Input props
[
  "label" => "Sticky navbar"
  "help" => "The navbar will stick to the top of the page when you scroll down."
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_GENERAL_FIXED_NAVBAR"
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#15423
  +label: "Sticky navbar"
  +help: "The navbar will stick to the top of the page when you scroll down."
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_GENERAL_FIXED_NAVBAR"
  +defaultValue: false
  +reloadRequired: true
}
settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent 14.0 MiB 0.12 ms
Input props
[
  "label" => "Show top bar"
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_GENERAL_TOPBAR"
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#15479
  +label: "Show top bar"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_GENERAL_TOPBAR"
  +defaultValue: false
  +reloadRequired: true
}
settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent 14.0 MiB 0.34 ms
Input props
[
  "label" => "Turbo mode (experimental)"
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_GENERAL_TURBO"
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#15535
  +label: "Turbo mode (experimental)"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_GENERAL_TURBO"
  +defaultValue: false
  +reloadRequired: true
}
user_settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\UserSettingsRowSwitchComponent 14.0 MiB 0.26 ms
Input props
[
  "label" => "Mark new comments"
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_MARK_NEW_COMMENTS"
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\UserSettingsRowSwitchComponent {#15593
  +label: "Mark new comments"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_MARK_NEW_COMMENTS"
  +defaultValue: false
  +reloadRequired: true
}
settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent 14.0 MiB 0.13 ms
Input props
[
  "label" => "Show "Support Us" block"
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_GENERAL_SUPPORT_US_BLOCK"
  "defaultValue" => true
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#15656
  +label: "Show "Support Us" block"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_GENERAL_SUPPORT_US_BLOCK"
  +defaultValue: true
  +reloadRequired: true
}
user_settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\UserSettingsRowSwitchComponent 14.0 MiB 0.14 ms
Input props
[
  "label" => "Show subscribed users"
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_SUB_CHANNEL_USERS"
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\UserSettingsRowSwitchComponent {#15714
  +label: "Show subscribed users"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_SUB_CHANNEL_USERS"
  +defaultValue: false
  +reloadRequired: true
}
user_settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\UserSettingsRowSwitchComponent 16.0 MiB 0.18 ms
Input props
[
  "label" => "Show subscribed magazines"
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_SUB_CHANNEL_MAGAZINES"
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\UserSettingsRowSwitchComponent {#15770
  +label: "Show subscribed magazines"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_SUB_CHANNEL_MAGAZINES"
  +defaultValue: false
  +reloadRequired: true
}
user_settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\UserSettingsRowSwitchComponent 16.0 MiB 0.18 ms
Input props
[
  "label" => "Show subscribed domains"
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_SUB_CHANNEL_DOMAINS"
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\UserSettingsRowSwitchComponent {#15826
  +label: "Show subscribed domains"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_SUB_CHANNEL_DOMAINS"
  +defaultValue: false
  +reloadRequired: true
}
settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent 16.0 MiB 0.16 ms
Input props
[
  "label" => "Auto media preview"
  "help" => "Automatically expand media previews."
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_ENTRIES_SHOW_PREVIEW"
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#15882
  +label: "Auto media preview"
  +help: "Automatically expand media previews."
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_ENTRIES_SHOW_PREVIEW"
  +defaultValue: false
  +reloadRequired: true
}
settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent 16.0 MiB 0.13 ms
Input props
[
  "label" => "Compact view"
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_ENTRIES_COMPACT"
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#15938
  +label: "Compact view"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_ENTRIES_COMPACT"
  +defaultValue: false
  +reloadRequired: true
}
settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent 16.0 MiB 0.24 ms
Input props
[
  "label" => "Show users’ avatars"
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_ENTRIES_SHOW_USERS_AVATARS"
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#15994
  +label: "Show users’ avatars"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_ENTRIES_SHOW_USERS_AVATARS"
  +defaultValue: false
  +reloadRequired: true
}
settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent 16.0 MiB 0.24 ms
Input props
[
  "label" => "Show magazines’ icons"
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_ENTRIES_SHOW_MAGAZINES_ICONS"
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#16050
  +label: "Show magazines’ icons"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_ENTRIES_SHOW_MAGAZINES_ICONS"
  +defaultValue: false
  +reloadRequired: true
}
settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent 16.0 MiB 0.22 ms
Input props
[
  "label" => "Show thumbnails"
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_ENTRIES_SHOW_THUMBNAILS"
  "defaultValue" => true
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#16106
  +label: "Show thumbnails"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_ENTRIES_SHOW_THUMBNAILS"
  +defaultValue: true
  +reloadRequired: true
}
settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent 16.0 MiB 0.22 ms
Input props
[
  "label" => "Auto media preview"
  "help" => "Automatically expand media previews."
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_POSTS_SHOW_PREVIEW"
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#16162
  +label: "Auto media preview"
  +help: "Automatically expand media previews."
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_POSTS_SHOW_PREVIEW"
  +defaultValue: false
  +reloadRequired: true
}
settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent 16.0 MiB 0.30 ms
Input props
[
  "label" => "Show users’ avatars"
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_POSTS_SHOW_USERS_AVATARS"
  "defaultValue" => true
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#16218
  +label: "Show users’ avatars"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_POSTS_SHOW_USERS_AVATARS"
  +defaultValue: true
  +reloadRequired: true
}
settings_row_enum App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowEnumComponent 16.0 MiB 0.23 ms
Input props
[
  "label" => "Comment reply position"
  "help" => "Display the comment reply form either at the top or bottom of the page. When 'infinite scroll' is enabled the position will always appear at the top."
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_COMMENTS_REPLY_POSITION"
  "values" => [
    [
      "name" => "top"
      "value" => "TOP"
    ]
    [
      "name" => "bottom"
      "value" => "BOTTOM"
    ]
  ]
  "defaultValue" => "TOP"
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowEnumComponent {#16274
  +label: "Comment reply position"
  +help: "Display the comment reply form either at the top or bottom of the page. When 'infinite scroll' is enabled the position will always appear at the top."
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_COMMENTS_REPLY_POSITION"
  +values: [
    [
      "name" => "top"
      "value" => "TOP"
    ]
    [
      "name" => "bottom"
      "value" => "BOTTOM"
    ]
  ]
  +defaultValue: "TOP"
  +reloadRequired: true
}
settings_row_switch App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent 16.0 MiB 0.19 ms
Input props
[
  "label" => "Show Comment Avatars"
  "help" => "Display/hide user avatars when viewing comments on a single thread or post."
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_COMMENTS_SHOW_USER_AVATAR"
  "defaultValue" => true
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#16332
  +label: "Show Comment Avatars"
  +help: "Display/hide user avatars when viewing comments on a single thread or post."
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_COMMENTS_SHOW_USER_AVATAR"
  +defaultValue: true
  +reloadRequired: true
}
user_actions App\Twig\Components\UserActionsComponent 16.0 MiB 1.02 ms
Input props
[
  "user" => Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1943
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
    +username: "@AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: """
      `they/them`\n
      \n
      A backend developer mainly using Rust, though I’ve been messing around with JVM languages as of late. I play lots of video games too :)\n
      \n
      Mastodon: [@azzydev@tech.lgbt](https://tech.lgbt/users/azzydev)Matrix: [@azzydev:hackliberty.org](https://matrix.to/#/@azzydev:hackliberty.org)
      """
    +lastActive: DateTime @1697384866 {#1516
      date: 2023-10-15 17:47:46.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: false
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: true
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: true
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
    +isVerified: false
    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1632 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1406 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1713 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1710 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1742 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1659 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1470 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1746 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1490 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1772 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1622 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1758 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1450 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1422 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1660 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1454 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1425 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1439 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1428 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1461 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1438 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1697 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1690 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1429 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1612 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1675 …}
    -id: 52402
    -password: "$2y$13$kabYapGG36iYaUBuepxh8urKg/FkeGBmt4EfflnNslQtpcz89Cm8G"
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1668 …}
    +apId: "AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
    +apProfileId: "https://beehaw.org/u/AzzyDev"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://beehaw.org/u/AzzyDev"
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://beehaw.org/inbox"
    +apDomain: "beehaw.org"
    +apPreferredUsername: "AzzyDev"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1728389310 {#1537
      date: 2024-10-08 14:08:30.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1696647047 {#1515
      date: 2023-10-07 04:50:47.0 +02:00
    }
    +__isInitialized__: true
     …2
  }
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\UserActionsComponent {#16409
  +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1943
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
    +username: "@AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: """
      `they/them`\n
      \n
      A backend developer mainly using Rust, though I’ve been messing around with JVM languages as of late. I play lots of video games too :)\n
      \n
      Mastodon: [@azzydev@tech.lgbt](https://tech.lgbt/users/azzydev)Matrix: [@azzydev:hackliberty.org](https://matrix.to/#/@azzydev:hackliberty.org)
      """
    +lastActive: DateTime @1697384866 {#1516
      date: 2023-10-15 17:47:46.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: false
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: true
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: true
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: true
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
    +isVerified: false
    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1632 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1406 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1713 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1710 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1742 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1659 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1470 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1746 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1490 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1772 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1622 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1758 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1450 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1422 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1660 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1454 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1425 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1439 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1428 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1461 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1438 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1697 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1690 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1429 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1612 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1675 …}
    -id: 52402
    -password: "$2y$13$kabYapGG36iYaUBuepxh8urKg/FkeGBmt4EfflnNslQtpcz89Cm8G"
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1668 …}
    +apId: "AzzyDev@beehaw.org"
    +apProfileId: "https://beehaw.org/u/AzzyDev"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://beehaw.org/u/AzzyDev"
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://beehaw.org/inbox"
    +apDomain: "beehaw.org"
    +apPreferredUsername: "AzzyDev"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1728389310 {#1537
      date: 2024-10-08 14:08:30.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1696647047 {#1515
      date: 2023-10-07 04:50:47.0 +02:00
    }
    +__isInitialized__: true
     …2
  }
}
date App\Twig\Components\DateComponent 16.0 MiB 0.18 ms
Input props
[
  "date" => DateTimeImmutable @1696647045 {#1850
    date: 2023-10-07 04:50:45.0 +02:00
  }
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\DateComponent {#16470
  +date: DateTimeImmutable @1696647045 {#1850
    date: 2023-10-07 04:50:45.0 +02:00
  }
}
magazine_box App\Twig\Components\MagazineBoxComponent 16.0 MiB 20.01 ms
Input props
[
  "magazine" => App\Entity\Magazine {#266
    +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#247 …}
    +name: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +title: "askelectronics"
    +description: """
      **For questions about component-level electronic circuits, tools and equipment.**\n
      \n
      Rules\n
      -----\n
      \n
      1: Be nice.\n
      \n
      2: Be on-topic (eg: *Electronic*, not *electrical*).\n
      \n
      3: No commercial stuff, buying, selling or valuations.\n
      \n
      4: Be safe.\n
      \n
      ---
      """
    +rules: null
    +subscriptionsCount: 1
    +entryCount: 154
    +entryCommentCount: 1230
    +postCount: 1
    +postCommentCount: 4
    +isAdult: false
    +customCss: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1729413608 {#276
      date: 2024-10-20 10:40:08.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +tags: null
    +moderators: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#238 …}
    +ownershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#234 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#223 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#181 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#139 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#201 …}
    +bans: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#118 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#104 …}
    +badges: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#82 …}
    +logs: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#72 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#61 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1820 …}
    -id: 11
    +apId: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apProfileId: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics"
    +apFollowersUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics/followers"
    +apInboxUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/inbox"
    +apDomain: "discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apPreferredUsername: "askelectronics"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: null
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1727247714 {#270
      date: 2024-09-25 09:01:54.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1687144409 {#272
      date: 2023-06-19 05:13:29.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  "showSectionTitle" => true
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\MagazineBoxComponent {#16526
  +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#266
    +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#247 …}
    +name: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +title: "askelectronics"
    +description: """
      **For questions about component-level electronic circuits, tools and equipment.**\n
      \n
      Rules\n
      -----\n
      \n
      1: Be nice.\n
      \n
      2: Be on-topic (eg: *Electronic*, not *electrical*).\n
      \n
      3: No commercial stuff, buying, selling or valuations.\n
      \n
      4: Be safe.\n
      \n
      ---
      """
    +rules: null
    +subscriptionsCount: 1
    +entryCount: 154
    +entryCommentCount: 1230
    +postCount: 1
    +postCommentCount: 4
    +isAdult: false
    +customCss: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1729413608 {#276
      date: 2024-10-20 10:40:08.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +tags: null
    +moderators: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#238 …}
    +ownershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#234 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#223 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#181 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#139 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#201 …}
    +bans: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#118 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#104 …}
    +badges: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#82 …}
    +logs: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#72 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#61 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1820 …}
    -id: 11
    +apId: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apProfileId: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics"
    +apFollowersUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics/followers"
    +apInboxUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/inbox"
    +apDomain: "discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apPreferredUsername: "askelectronics"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: null
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1727247714 {#270
      date: 2024-09-25 09:01:54.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1687144409 {#272
      date: 2023-06-19 05:13:29.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  +showCover: true
  +showDescription: true
  +showRules: true
  +showSubscribeButton: true
  +showInfo: true
  +showMeta: true
  +showSectionTitle: true
  +stretchedLink: true
}
magazine_sub App\Twig\Components\MagazineSubComponent 16.0 MiB 3.94 ms
Input props
[
  "magazine" => App\Entity\Magazine {#266
    +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#247 …}
    +name: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +title: "askelectronics"
    +description: """
      **For questions about component-level electronic circuits, tools and equipment.**\n
      \n
      Rules\n
      -----\n
      \n
      1: Be nice.\n
      \n
      2: Be on-topic (eg: *Electronic*, not *electrical*).\n
      \n
      3: No commercial stuff, buying, selling or valuations.\n
      \n
      4: Be safe.\n
      \n
      ---
      """
    +rules: null
    +subscriptionsCount: 1
    +entryCount: 154
    +entryCommentCount: 1230
    +postCount: 1
    +postCommentCount: 4
    +isAdult: false
    +customCss: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1729413608 {#276
      date: 2024-10-20 10:40:08.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +tags: null
    +moderators: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#238 …}
    +ownershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#234 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#223 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#181 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#139 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#201 …}
    +bans: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#118 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#104 …}
    +badges: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#82 …}
    +logs: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#72 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#61 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1820 …}
    -id: 11
    +apId: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apProfileId: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics"
    +apFollowersUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics/followers"
    +apInboxUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/inbox"
    +apDomain: "discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apPreferredUsername: "askelectronics"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: null
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1727247714 {#270
      date: 2024-09-25 09:01:54.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1687144409 {#272
      date: 2023-06-19 05:13:29.0 +02:00
    }
  }
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\MagazineSubComponent {#16584
  +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#266
    +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#247 …}
    +name: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +title: "askelectronics"
    +description: """
      **For questions about component-level electronic circuits, tools and equipment.**\n
      \n
      Rules\n
      -----\n
      \n
      1: Be nice.\n
      \n
      2: Be on-topic (eg: *Electronic*, not *electrical*).\n
      \n
      3: No commercial stuff, buying, selling or valuations.\n
      \n
      4: Be safe.\n
      \n
      ---
      """
    +rules: null
    +subscriptionsCount: 1
    +entryCount: 154
    +entryCommentCount: 1230
    +postCount: 1
    +postCommentCount: 4
    +isAdult: false
    +customCss: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1729413608 {#276
      date: 2024-10-20 10:40:08.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +tags: null
    +moderators: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#238 …}
    +ownershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#234 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#223 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#181 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#139 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#201 …}
    +bans: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#118 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#104 …}
    +badges: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#82 …}
    +logs: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#72 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#61 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1820 …}
    -id: 11
    +apId: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apProfileId: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics"
    +apFollowersUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics/followers"
    +apInboxUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/inbox"
    +apDomain: "discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apPreferredUsername: "askelectronics"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: null
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1727247714 {#270
      date: 2024-09-25 09:01:54.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1687144409 {#272
      date: 2023-06-19 05:13:29.0 +02:00
    }
  }
}
date App\Twig\Components\DateComponent 16.0 MiB 0.16 ms
Input props
[
  "date" => DateTimeImmutable @1687144409 {#272
    date: 2023-06-19 05:13:29.0 +02:00
  }
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\DateComponent {#16696
  +date: DateTimeImmutable @1687144409 {#272
    date: 2023-06-19 05:13:29.0 +02:00
  }
}
user_inline App\Twig\Components\UserInlineComponent 16.0 MiB 0.66 ms
Input props
[
  "user" => Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#16755
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "kbin@j0h.nl"
    +username: "Sprite_tm"
    +roles: [
      "ROLE_ADMIN"
    ]
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: "Hi! I'm Sprite_tm. You may know me from sites like https://spritesmods.com."
    +lastActive: DateTime @1707547382 {#16802
      date: 2024-02-10 07:43:02.0 +01:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: true
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: false
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
    +isVerified: true
    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16804 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16806 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16808 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16810 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16812 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16814 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16816 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16818 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16820 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16822 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16824 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16826 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16828 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16830 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16832 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16834 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16836 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16838 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16840 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16842 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16844 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16846 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16848 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16850 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16852 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16854 …}
    -id: 1
    -password: "$2y$13$ZX7Aou2QOPRGkHPp4y5x8OWfxZMoT1BGH7bRLlPP7mwZFTkfiaPGG"
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16856 …}
    +apId: null
    +apProfileId: null
    +apPublicUrl: null
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: null
    +apDomain: null
    +apPreferredUsername: null
    +apDiscoverable: null
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: null
    +privateKey: """
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      """
    +publicKey: """
      -----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----\r\n
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      -----END PUBLIC KEY-----
      """
    +apFetchedAt: null
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1686560440 {#16803
      date: 2023-06-12 11:00:40.0 +02:00
    }
    +__isInitialized__: true
     …2
  }
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\UserInlineComponent {#16773
  +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#16755
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "kbin@j0h.nl"
    +username: "Sprite_tm"
    +roles: [
      "ROLE_ADMIN"
    ]
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: "Hi! I'm Sprite_tm. You may know me from sites like https://spritesmods.com."
    +lastActive: DateTime @1707547382 {#16802
      date: 2024-02-10 07:43:02.0 +01:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: true
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: false
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
    +isVerified: true
    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16804 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16806 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16808 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16810 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16812 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16814 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16816 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16818 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16820 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16822 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16824 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16826 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16828 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16830 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16832 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16834 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16836 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16838 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16840 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16842 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16844 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16846 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16848 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16850 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16852 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16854 …}
    -id: 1
    -password: "$2y$13$ZX7Aou2QOPRGkHPp4y5x8OWfxZMoT1BGH7bRLlPP7mwZFTkfiaPGG"
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#16856 …}
    +apId: null
    +apProfileId: null
    +apPublicUrl: null
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: null
    +apDomain: null
    +apPreferredUsername: null
    +apDiscoverable: null
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: null
    +privateKey: """
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      -----END PRIVATE KEY-----
      """
    +publicKey: """
      -----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----\r\n
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      U45ZxOEnTM9GSbe2y48JSnUCAwEAAQ==\r\n
      -----END PUBLIC KEY-----
      """
    +apFetchedAt: null
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1686560440 {#16803
      date: 2023-06-12 11:00:40.0 +02:00
    }
    +__isInitialized__: true
     …2
  }
  +showAvatar: true
}
related_magazines App\Twig\Components\RelatedMagazinesComponent 16.0 MiB 2.28 ms
Input props
[
  "magazine" => "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
  "tag" => null
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\RelatedMagazinesComponent {#16964
  +limit: 4
  +tag: null
  +magazine: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
  +type: "magazine"
  +title: "related_magazines"
  +refreshedRandom: false
  -repository: App\Repository\MagazineRepository {#334 …}
  -cache: Symfony\Component\Cache\Adapter\TraceableTagAwareAdapter {#600 …}
  -twig: Twig\Environment {#1252 …}
  -requestStack: Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\RequestStack {#1328 …}
}
active_users App\Twig\Components\ActiveUsersComponent 16.0 MiB 0.27 ms
Input props
[
  "magazine" => App\Entity\Magazine {#266
    +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#247 …}
    +name: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +title: "askelectronics"
    +description: """
      **For questions about component-level electronic circuits, tools and equipment.**\n
      \n
      Rules\n
      -----\n
      \n
      1: Be nice.\n
      \n
      2: Be on-topic (eg: *Electronic*, not *electrical*).\n
      \n
      3: No commercial stuff, buying, selling or valuations.\n
      \n
      4: Be safe.\n
      \n
      ---
      """
    +rules: null
    +subscriptionsCount: 1
    +entryCount: 154
    +entryCommentCount: 1230
    +postCount: 1
    +postCommentCount: 4
    +isAdult: false
    +customCss: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1729413608 {#276
      date: 2024-10-20 10:40:08.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +tags: null
    +moderators: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#238 …}
    +ownershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#234 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#223 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#181 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#139 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#201 …}
    +bans: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#118 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#104 …}
    +badges: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#82 …}
    +logs: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#72 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#61 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1820 …}
    -id: 11
    +apId: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apProfileId: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics"
    +apFollowersUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics/followers"
    +apInboxUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/inbox"
    +apDomain: "discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apPreferredUsername: "askelectronics"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: null
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1727247714 {#270
      date: 2024-09-25 09:01:54.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1687144409 {#272
      date: 2023-06-19 05:13:29.0 +02:00
    }
  }
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\ActiveUsersComponent {#17051
  +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#266
    +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#247 …}
    +name: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +title: "askelectronics"
    +description: """
      **For questions about component-level electronic circuits, tools and equipment.**\n
      \n
      Rules\n
      -----\n
      \n
      1: Be nice.\n
      \n
      2: Be on-topic (eg: *Electronic*, not *electrical*).\n
      \n
      3: No commercial stuff, buying, selling or valuations.\n
      \n
      4: Be safe.\n
      \n
      ---
      """
    +rules: null
    +subscriptionsCount: 1
    +entryCount: 154
    +entryCommentCount: 1230
    +postCount: 1
    +postCommentCount: 4
    +isAdult: false
    +customCss: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1729413608 {#276
      date: 2024-10-20 10:40:08.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +tags: null
    +moderators: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#238 …}
    +ownershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#234 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#223 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#181 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#139 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#201 …}
    +bans: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#118 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#104 …}
    +badges: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#82 …}
    +logs: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#72 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#61 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1820 …}
    -id: 11
    +apId: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apProfileId: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics"
    +apFollowersUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics/followers"
    +apInboxUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/inbox"
    +apDomain: "discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apPreferredUsername: "askelectronics"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: null
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1727247714 {#270
      date: 2024-09-25 09:01:54.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1687144409 {#272
      date: 2023-06-19 05:13:29.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  -userRepository: App\Repository\UserRepository {#603 …}
  -cache: Symfony\Component\Cache\Adapter\TraceableTagAwareAdapter {#600 …}
  -twig: Twig\Environment {#1252 …}
  -requestStack: Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\RequestStack {#1328 …}
}
related_categories App\Twig\Components\RelatedCategoriesComponent 16.0 MiB 1.34 ms
Input props
[
  "magazine" => "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
  "tag" => null
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\RelatedCategoriesComponent {#17110
  +limit: 4
  +tag: null
  +magazine: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
  +type: "related"
  +title: "related_categories"
  +refreshedRandom: false
  -repository: App\Repository\CategoryRepository {#17111 …}
  -cache: Symfony\Component\Cache\Adapter\TraceableTagAwareAdapter {#600 …}
  -twig: Twig\Environment {#1252 …}
  -requestStack: Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\RequestStack {#1328 …}
}
related_posts App\Twig\Components\RelatedPostsComponent 16.0 MiB 3.14 ms
Input props
[
  "magazine" => "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
  "tag" => null
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\RelatedPostsComponent {#17181
  +limit: 4
  +tag: null
  +magazine: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
  +type: "magazine"
  +post: null
  +title: "related_posts"
  +refreshedRandom: false
  -repository: App\Repository\PostRepository {#17180 …}
  -cache: Symfony\Component\Cache\Adapter\TraceableTagAwareAdapter {#600 …}
  -twig: Twig\Environment {#1252 …}
  -requestStack: Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\RequestStack {#1328 …}
  -mentionManager: App\Service\MentionManager {#390 …}
}
related_entries App\Twig\Components\RelatedEntriesComponent 16.0 MiB 7.64 ms
Input props
[
  "magazine" => "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
  "tag" => null
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\RelatedEntriesComponent {#17250
  +limit: 4
  +tag: null
  +magazine: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
  +type: "magazine"
  +entry: null
  +title: "related_entries"
  +refreshedRandom: false
  -repository: App\Repository\EntryRepository {#271 …}
  -cache: Symfony\Component\Cache\Adapter\TraceableTagAwareAdapter {#600 …}
  -twig: Twig\Environment {#1252 …}
  -requestStack: Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\RequestStack {#1328 …}
  -mentionManager: App\Service\MentionManager {#390 …}
}
support_us_block App\Twig\Components\SupportUsBlock 16.0 MiB 0.19 ms
Input props
[]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\SupportUsBlock {#17319
  +subject: ? App\Entity\Contracts\VotableInterface
  +url: ? string
  -twig: Twig\Environment {#1252 …}
  -cache: Symfony\Component\Cache\Adapter\TraceableTagAwareAdapter {#600 …}
  -requestStack: Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\RequestStack {#1328 …}
  -partnerBlockRepository: App\Repository\PartnerBlockRepository {#17320 …}
}
featured_magazines App\Twig\Components\FeaturedMagazinesComponent 16.0 MiB 0.76 ms
Input props
[
  "magazine" => App\Entity\Magazine {#266
    +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#247 …}
    +name: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +title: "askelectronics"
    +description: """
      **For questions about component-level electronic circuits, tools and equipment.**\n
      \n
      Rules\n
      -----\n
      \n
      1: Be nice.\n
      \n
      2: Be on-topic (eg: *Electronic*, not *electrical*).\n
      \n
      3: No commercial stuff, buying, selling or valuations.\n
      \n
      4: Be safe.\n
      \n
      ---
      """
    +rules: null
    +subscriptionsCount: 1
    +entryCount: 154
    +entryCommentCount: 1230
    +postCount: 1
    +postCommentCount: 4
    +isAdult: false
    +customCss: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1729413608 {#276
      date: 2024-10-20 10:40:08.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +tags: null
    +moderators: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#238 …}
    +ownershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#234 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#223 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#181 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#139 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#201 …}
    +bans: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#118 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#104 …}
    +badges: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#82 …}
    +logs: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#72 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#61 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1820 …}
    -id: 11
    +apId: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apProfileId: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics"
    +apFollowersUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics/followers"
    +apInboxUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/inbox"
    +apDomain: "discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apPreferredUsername: "askelectronics"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: null
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1727247714 {#270
      date: 2024-09-25 09:01:54.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
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    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1687144409 {#272
      date: 2023-06-19 05:13:29.0 +02:00
    }
  }
]
Attributes
[]
Component
App\Twig\Components\FeaturedMagazinesComponent {#17408
  +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#266
    +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#247 …}
    +name: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +title: "askelectronics"
    +description: """
      **For questions about component-level electronic circuits, tools and equipment.**\n
      \n
      Rules\n
      -----\n
      \n
      1: Be nice.\n
      \n
      2: Be on-topic (eg: *Electronic*, not *electrical*).\n
      \n
      3: No commercial stuff, buying, selling or valuations.\n
      \n
      4: Be safe.\n
      \n
      ---
      """
    +rules: null
    +subscriptionsCount: 1
    +entryCount: 154
    +entryCommentCount: 1230
    +postCount: 1
    +postCommentCount: 4
    +isAdult: false
    +customCss: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1729413608 {#276
      date: 2024-10-20 10:40:08.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +tags: null
    +moderators: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#238 …}
    +ownershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#234 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#223 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#181 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#139 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#201 …}
    +bans: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#118 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#104 …}
    +badges: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#82 …}
    +logs: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#72 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#61 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1820 …}
    -id: 11
    +apId: "askelectronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apProfileId: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics"
    +apFollowersUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics/followers"
    +apInboxUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/inbox"
    +apDomain: "discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apPreferredUsername: "askelectronics"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: null
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1727247714 {#270
      date: 2024-09-25 09:01:54.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1687144409 {#272
      date: 2023-06-19 05:13:29.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  -twig: Twig\Environment {#1252 …}
  -repository: App\Repository\MagazineRepository {#334 …}
}