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      Although you are probably not aware of them, dozens of electronic control units (ECUs) — printed circuit boards (PCBs) in metal or plastic housings — exist in your car to control and monitor the operation and safety of your vehicle’s many control systems. These units must work for the lifetime of your car, during which time they are subjected to many heating and cooling cycles. The most obvious cycle occurs when you start your car after it has cooled at night. It heats up as the car runs and then cools again when you shut it off. That’s one “ambient” temperature cycle.\n
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      The widely used power law based approach — simulation of only few cycles and prognosis of solder joints lifetime — has many shortcomings, where no absolute lifetime prediction or the damage driven load relocation and its nonlinear evolution are captured. Youssef Maniar and Marta Kuczynska, engineers at Robert Bosch GmbH in Germany, have developed an accurate nonlinear damage model able to predict absolute lifetime of solder connections. The problem they faced, absolute lifetime prediction, involves simulation of all cycles imposed to the components, and the computational effort is therefore extensive. Then, about two years ago, they read an academic paper that described a way to “jump” over some cycles to accelerate simulation.\n
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      The widely used power law based approach — simulation of only few cycles and prognosis of solder joints lifetime — has many shortcomings, where no absolute lifetime prediction or the damage driven load relocation and its nonlinear evolution are captured. Youssef Maniar and Marta Kuczynska, engineers at Robert Bosch GmbH in Germany, have developed an accurate nonlinear damage model able to predict absolute lifetime of solder connections. The problem they faced, absolute lifetime prediction, involves simulation of all cycles imposed to the components, and the computational effort is therefore extensive. Then, about two years ago, they read an academic paper that described a way to “jump” over some cycles to accelerate simulation.\n
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App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#4267
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}

[
  "label" => "Show "Support Us" block"
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_GENERAL_SUPPORT_US_BLOCK"
  "defaultValue" => true
]

App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#4500
  +label: "Show "Support Us" block"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_GENERAL_SUPPORT_US_BLOCK"
  +defaultValue: true
  +reloadRequired: true
}

[
  "label" => "Show subscribed users"
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_SUB_CHANNEL_USERS"
]

App\Twig\Components\UserSettingsRowSwitchComponent {#4558
  +label: "Show subscribed users"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_SUB_CHANNEL_USERS"
  +defaultValue: false
  +reloadRequired: true
}

[
  "label" => "Show subscribed magazines"
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_SUB_CHANNEL_MAGAZINES"
]

App\Twig\Components\UserSettingsRowSwitchComponent {#4614
  +label: "Show subscribed magazines"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_SUB_CHANNEL_MAGAZINES"
  +defaultValue: false
  +reloadRequired: true
}

[
  "label" => "Show subscribed domains"
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_SUB_CHANNEL_DOMAINS"
]

App\Twig\Components\UserSettingsRowSwitchComponent {#4670
  +label: "Show subscribed domains"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_SUB_CHANNEL_DOMAINS"
  +defaultValue: false
  +reloadRequired: true
}

[
  "label" => "Auto media preview"
  "help" => "Automatically expand media previews."
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_ENTRIES_SHOW_PREVIEW"
]

App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#4726
  +label: "Auto media preview"
  +help: "Automatically expand media previews."
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_ENTRIES_SHOW_PREVIEW"
  +defaultValue: false
  +reloadRequired: true
}

[
  "label" => "Compact view"
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_ENTRIES_COMPACT"
]

App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#4782
  +label: "Compact view"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_ENTRIES_COMPACT"
  +defaultValue: false
  +reloadRequired: true
}

[
  "label" => "Show users’ avatars"
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_ENTRIES_SHOW_USERS_AVATARS"
]

App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#4838
  +label: "Show users’ avatars"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_ENTRIES_SHOW_USERS_AVATARS"
  +defaultValue: false
  +reloadRequired: true
}

[
  "label" => "Show magazines’ icons"
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_ENTRIES_SHOW_MAGAZINES_ICONS"
]

App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#4894
  +label: "Show magazines’ icons"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_ENTRIES_SHOW_MAGAZINES_ICONS"
  +defaultValue: false
  +reloadRequired: true
}

[
  "label" => "Show thumbnails"
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_ENTRIES_SHOW_THUMBNAILS"
  "defaultValue" => true
]

App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#4950
  +label: "Show thumbnails"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_ENTRIES_SHOW_THUMBNAILS"
  +defaultValue: true
  +reloadRequired: true
}

[
  "label" => "Auto media preview"
  "help" => "Automatically expand media previews."
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_POSTS_SHOW_PREVIEW"
]

App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#5006
  +label: "Auto media preview"
  +help: "Automatically expand media previews."
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_POSTS_SHOW_PREVIEW"
  +defaultValue: false
  +reloadRequired: true
}

[
  "label" => "Show users’ avatars"
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_POSTS_SHOW_USERS_AVATARS"
  "defaultValue" => true
]

App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#5062
  +label: "Show users’ avatars"
  +help: ""
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_POSTS_SHOW_USERS_AVATARS"
  +defaultValue: true
  +reloadRequired: true
}

[
  "label" => "Comment reply position"
  "help" => "Display the comment reply form either at the top or bottom of the page. When 'infinite scroll' is enabled the position will always appear at the top."
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_COMMENTS_REPLY_POSITION"
  "values" => [
    [
      "name" => "top"
      "value" => "TOP"
    ]
    [
      "name" => "bottom"
      "value" => "BOTTOM"
    ]
  ]
  "defaultValue" => "TOP"
]

App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowEnumComponent {#5118
  +label: "Comment reply position"
  +help: "Display the comment reply form either at the top or bottom of the page. When 'infinite scroll' is enabled the position will always appear at the top."
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_COMMENTS_REPLY_POSITION"
  +values: [
    [
      "name" => "top"
      "value" => "TOP"
    ]
    [
      "name" => "bottom"
      "value" => "BOTTOM"
    ]
  ]
  +defaultValue: "TOP"
  +reloadRequired: true
}

[
  "label" => "Show Comment Avatars"
  "help" => "Display/hide user avatars when viewing comments on a single thread or post."
  "settingsKey" => "KBIN_COMMENTS_SHOW_USER_AVATAR"
  "defaultValue" => true
]

App\Twig\Components\SettingsRowSwitchComponent {#5176
  +label: "Show Comment Avatars"
  +help: "Display/hide user avatars when viewing comments on a single thread or post."
  +settingsKey: "KBIN_COMMENTS_SHOW_USER_AVATAR"
  +defaultValue: true
  +reloadRequired: true
}

[
  "user" => Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1934
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "hardware26@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +username: "@hardware26@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1704094420 {#1520
      date: 2024-01-01 08:33:40.0 +01:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: true
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: false
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
    +isVerified: false
    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1623 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1406 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1713 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1710 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1742 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1659 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1470 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1746 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1490 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1772 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1622 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1758 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1450 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1422 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1660 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1454 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1425 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1439 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1428 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1461 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1438 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1697 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1690 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1429 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1612 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1675 …}
    -id: 4846
    -password: "$2y$13$HMVzC6QGdah3DqoemSYz2ekkz3dTfEDYX4.J0AyEF5/KSO4lKnXg."
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1668 …}
    +apId: "hardware26@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apProfileId: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/u/hardware26"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/u/hardware26"
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/inbox"
    +apDomain: "discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apPreferredUsername: "hardware26"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1710300084 {#1517
      date: 2024-03-13 04:21:24.0 +01:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1687149312 {#1632
      date: 2023-06-19 06:35:12.0 +02:00
    }
    +__isInitialized__: true
     …2
  }
]

App\Twig\Components\UserActionsComponent {#5253
  +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1934
    +avatar: null
    +cover: null
    +email: "hardware26@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +username: "@hardware26@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +roles: []
    +followersCount: 0
    +homepage: "front"
    +about: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1704094420 {#1520
      date: 2024-01-01 08:33:40.0 +01:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +fields: null
    +oauthGithubId: null
    +oauthGoogleId: null
    +oauthFacebookId: null
    +oauthKeycloakId: null
    +hideAdult: true
    +showSubscribedUsers: true
    +showSubscribedMagazines: true
    +showSubscribedDomains: true
    +preferredLanguages: []
    +featuredMagazines: null
    +showProfileSubscriptions: true
    +showProfileFollowings: true
    +markNewComments: false
    +notifyOnNewEntry: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryReply: false
    +notifyOnNewEntryCommentReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPost: false
    +notifyOnNewPostReply: false
    +notifyOnNewPostCommentReply: false
    +addMentionsEntries: false
    +addMentionsPosts: true
    +isBanned: false
    +isVerified: false
    +isDeleted: false
    +isBot: false
    +spamProtection: true
    +customCss: null
    +ignoreMagazinesCustomCss: false
    +moderatorTokens: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1623 …}
    +magazineOwnershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1406 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1713 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1710 …}
    +entryVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1742 …}
    +entryComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1659 …}
    +entryCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1470 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1746 …}
    +postVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1490 …}
    +postComments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1772 …}
    +postCommentVotes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1622 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1758 …}
    +subscribedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1450 …}
    +follows: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1422 …}
    +followers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1660 …}
    +blocks: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1454 …}
    +blockers: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1425 …}
    +blockedMagazines: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1439 …}
    +blockedDomains: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1428 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1461 …}
    +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1438 …}
    +violations: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1697 …}
    +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1690 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1429 …}
    +subscribedCategories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1612 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1675 …}
    -id: 4846
    -password: "$2y$13$HMVzC6QGdah3DqoemSYz2ekkz3dTfEDYX4.J0AyEF5/KSO4lKnXg."
    -totpSecret: null
    -totpBackupCodes: []
    -oAuth2UserConsents: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1668 …}
    +apId: "hardware26@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apProfileId: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/u/hardware26"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/u/hardware26"
    +apFollowersUrl: null
    +apInboxUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/inbox"
    +apDomain: "discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apPreferredUsername: "hardware26"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: false
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1710300084 {#1517
      date: 2024-03-13 04:21:24.0 +01:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1687149312 {#1632
      date: 2023-06-19 06:35:12.0 +02:00
    }
    +__isInitialized__: true
     …2
  }
}

[
  "date" => DateTimeImmutable @1694807842 {#2420
    date: 2023-09-15 21:57:22.0 +02:00
  }
]

App\Twig\Components\DateComponent {#5314
  +date: DateTimeImmutable @1694807842 {#2420
    date: 2023-09-15 21:57:22.0 +02:00
  }
}

[
  "magazine" => App\Entity\Magazine {#260
    +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#240 …}
    +name: "electronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +title: "electronics"
    +description: """
      **Projects, pictures, industry discussions and news about electronic engineering & component-level electronic circuits.**\n
      \n
      Rules\n
      -----\n
      \n
      1: Be nice.\n
      \n
      2: Be on-topic (eg: *Electronic*, not *electrical*).\n
      \n
      3: No commercial stuff, buying, selling or valuations.\n
      \n
      4: No circuit design or repair, tools or component questions.\n
      \n
      5: No excessively promoting your own sites, social media, videos etc.\n
      \n
      ---\n
      \n
      *Ask questions in [discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics](https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/askelectronics)*\n
      \n
      ---
      """
    +rules: null
    +subscriptionsCount: 1
    +entryCount: 43
    +entryCommentCount: 201
    +postCount: 1
    +postCommentCount: 3
    +isAdult: false
    +customCss: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1723220252 {#268
      date: 2024-08-09 18:17:32.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +tags: null
    +moderators: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#231 …}
    +ownershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#227 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#216 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#174 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#132 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#194 …}
    +bans: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#111 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#97 …}
    +badges: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#75 …}
    +logs: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#65 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1822 …}
    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1850 …}
    -id: 5
    +apId: "electronics@discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apProfileId: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/electronics"
    +apPublicUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/electronics"
    +apFollowersUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/c/electronics/followers"
    +apInboxUrl: "https://discuss.tchncs.de/inbox"
    +apDomain: "discuss.tchncs.de"
    +apPreferredUsername: "electronics"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: null
    +privateKey: null
    +publicKey: null
    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1719675646 {#266
      date: 2024-06-29 17:40:46.0 +02:00
    }
    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1686642591 {#274
      date: 2023-06-13 09:49:51.0 +02:00
    }
  }
  "showSectionTitle" => true
]