GET https://kbin.spritesserver.nl/index.php/m/linux@lemmy.ml/t/16851/What-are-the-major-components-of-any-Linux-distribution/active?p=1

Response
200 OK
IP
216.73.216.108
Profiled on
Token
bd2bc5

Security

Token

There is no security token.

Firewall

main Name
Security enabled
Stateless

Configuration

Key Value
provider security.user.provider.concrete.app_user_provider
context main
entry_point App\Security\KbinAuthenticator
user_checker App\Security\UserChecker
access_denied_handler (none)
access_denied_url (none)
authenticators 
[
  "two_factor"
  "remember_me"
  "App\Security\KbinAuthenticator"
  "App\Security\FacebookAuthenticator"
  "App\Security\GoogleAuthenticator"
  "App\Security\GithubAuthenticator"
  "App\Security\KeycloakAuthenticator"
]

Listeners

Listener Duration Response 
Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ChannelListener {#723
  -map: Symfony\Component\Security\Http\AccessMap {#722 …}
  -logger: Monolog\Logger {#783 …}
  -httpPort: 80
  -httpsPort: 443
}
 0.00 ms (none) 
Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener {#706
  -tokenStorage: Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authentication\Token\Storage\TokenStorage {#1017 …}
  -sessionKey: "_security_main"
  -logger: Monolog\Logger {#783 …}
  -userProviders: Symfony\Component\DependencyInjection\Argument\RewindableGenerator {#705 …}
  -dispatcher: Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Debug\TraceableEventDispatcher {#747 …}
  -registered: false
  -trustResolver: Scheb\TwoFactorBundle\Security\Authentication\AuthenticationTrustResolver {#780 …}
  -sessionTrackerEnabler: Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authentication\Token\Storage\UsageTrackingTokenStorage::enableUsageTracking(): void {#703 …}
}
 3.32 ms (none) 
Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\AuthenticatorManagerListener {#584
  -authenticatorManager: Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Authentication\AuthenticatorManager {#595 …}
}
 0.00 ms (none) 
Scheb\TwoFactorBundle\Security\Http\Firewall\TwoFactorAccessListener {#582
  -twoFactorFirewallConfig: Scheb\TwoFactorBundle\Security\TwoFactor\TwoFactorFirewallConfig {#842 …}
  -tokenStorage: Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authentication\Token\Storage\UsageTrackingTokenStorage {#1018 …}
  -twoFactorAccessDecider: Scheb\TwoFactorBundle\Security\Authorization\TwoFactorAccessDecider {#581 …}
}
 0.04 ms (none) 
Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\AccessListener {#579
  -tokenStorage: Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authentication\Token\Storage\UsageTrackingTokenStorage {#1018 …}
  -accessDecisionManager: Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authorization\TraceableAccessDecisionManager {#937 …}
  -map: Symfony\Component\Security\Http\AccessMap {#722 …}
}
 0.00 ms (none) 
Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\LogoutListener {#786
  -tokenStorage: Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authentication\Token\Storage\UsageTrackingTokenStorage {#1018 …}
  -options: [
    "csrf_parameter" => "_csrf_token"
    "csrf_token_id" => "logout"
    "logout_path" => "app_logout"
  ]
  -httpUtils: Symfony\Component\Security\Http\HttpUtils {#841 …}
  -csrfTokenManager: Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\CsrfTokenManager {#1015 …}
  -eventDispatcher: Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Debug\TraceableEventDispatcher {#747 …}
}
 0.00 ms (none)

Authenticators

No authenticators have been recorded. Check previous profiles on your authentication endpoint.

Access Decision

affirmative Strategy
# Voter class
1 
"Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authorization\Voter\AuthenticatedVoter"
2 
"Scheb\TwoFactorBundle\Security\Authorization\Voter\TwoFactorInProgressVoter"
3 
"Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authorization\Voter\RoleHierarchyVoter"
4 
"Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authorization\Voter\ExpressionVoter"
5 
"App\Security\Voter\EntryCommentVoter"
6 
"App\Security\Voter\EntryVoter"
7 
"App\Security\Voter\MagazineVoter"
8 
"App\Security\Voter\MessageThreadVoter"
9 
"App\Security\Voter\MessageVoter"
10 
"App\Security\Voter\NotificationVoter"
11 
"App\Security\Voter\OAuth2UserConsentVoter"
12 
"App\Security\Voter\PostCommentVoter"
13 
"App\Security\Voter\PostVoter"
14 
"App\Security\Voter\UserVoter"

Access decision log

# Result Attributes Object
1 DENIED ROLE_USER 
null
 
"Scheb\TwoFactorBundle\Security\Authorization\Voter\TwoFactorInProgressVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authorization\Voter\RoleHierarchyVoter"
 ACCESS DENIED 
"App\Security\Voter\EntryCommentVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\EntryVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\MagazineVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\MessageThreadVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\MessageVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\NotificationVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\OAuth2UserConsentVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\PostCommentVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\PostVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\UserVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN
Show voter details
2 DENIED moderate 
App\Entity\Entry {#2419
  +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1970 …}
  +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#265
    +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#246 …}
    +name: "linux@lemmy.ml"
    +title: "linux"
    +description: """
      From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n
      \n
      Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).\n
      \n
      Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word “Linux” in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.\n
      \n
      ### Rules\n
      \n
      - Posts must be relevant to operating systems running the Linux kernel. GNU/Linux or otherwise.\n
      - No misinformation\n
      - No NSFW content\n
      - No hate speech, bigotry, etc\n
      \n
      ### Related Communities\n
      \n
      - [!opensource@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/opensource)\n
      - [!libre_culture@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_culture)\n
      - [!technology@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/technology)\n
      - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
      \n
      Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
      """
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    +bans: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#117 …}
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    +apPreferredUsername: "linux"
    +apDiscoverable: true
    +apManuallyApprovesFollowers: null
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    +apFetchedAt: DateTime @1729583596 {#269
      date: 2024-10-22 09:53:16.0 +02:00
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    +apDeletedAt: null
    +apTimeoutAt: null
    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1698929468 {#271
      date: 2023-11-02 13:51:08.0 +01:00
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  }
  +image: null
  +domain: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Domain {#1915 …}
  +slug: "What-are-the-major-components-of-any-Linux-distribution"
  +title: "What are the major components of any Linux distribution?"
  +url: null
  +body: """
    Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
    \n
    1. the Linux Kernel\n
    2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
    3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
    4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
    5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
    6. a bunch of Default applications and daemons (is this where systemd fits int? I know about the GNU tools, SAMBA, CUPS, etc…)\n
    7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
    \n
    Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
    \n
    Thanks!
    """
  +type: "article"
  +lang: "en"
  +isOc: false
  +hasEmbed: false
  +commentCount: 37
  +favouriteCount: 122
  +score: 0
  +isAdult: false
  +sticky: false
  +lastActive: DateTime @1701032472 {#2414
    date: 2023-11-26 22:01:12.0 +01:00
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  +ip: null
  +adaAmount: 0
  +tags: null
  +mentions: null
  +comments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1884 …}
  +votes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1973 …}
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  +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#2442 …}
  +badges: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#2440 …}
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  -id: 16851
  -titleTs: "'compon':5 'distribut':9 'linux':8 'major':4"
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  +cross: false
  +upVotes: 0
  +downVotes: 0
  +ranking: 1701049024
  +visibility: "visible             "
  +apId: "https://lemm.ee/post/16037589"
  +editedAt: null
  +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1700962624 {#1793
    date: 2023-11-26 02:37:04.0 +01:00
  }
}
 
"Scheb\TwoFactorBundle\Security\Authorization\Voter\TwoFactorInProgressVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\EntryCommentVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\EntryVoter"
 ACCESS DENIED 
"App\Security\Voter\MagazineVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\MessageThreadVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\MessageVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\NotificationVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\OAuth2UserConsentVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\PostCommentVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\PostVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\UserVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN
Show voter details
3 DENIED edit 
App\Entity\Entry {#2419
  +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1970 …}
  +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#265
    +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#246 …}
    +name: "linux@lemmy.ml"
    +title: "linux"
    +description: """
      From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n
      \n
      Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).\n
      \n
      Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word “Linux” in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.\n
      \n
      ### Rules\n
      \n
      - Posts must be relevant to operating systems running the Linux kernel. GNU/Linux or otherwise.\n
      - No misinformation\n
      - No NSFW content\n
      - No hate speech, bigotry, etc\n
      \n
      ### Related Communities\n
      \n
      - [!opensource@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/opensource)\n
      - [!libre_culture@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_culture)\n
      - [!technology@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/technology)\n
      - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
      \n
      Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
      """
    +rules: null
    +subscriptionsCount: 1
    +entryCount: 1406
    +entryCommentCount: 28632
    +postCount: 6
    +postCommentCount: 214
    +isAdult: false
    +customCss: null
    +lastActive: DateTime @1729583542 {#275
      date: 2024-10-22 09:52:22.0 +02:00
    }
    +markedForDeletionAt: null
    +tags: null
    +moderators: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#237 …}
    +ownershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#233 …}
    +moderatorRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#222 …}
    +entries: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#180 …}
    +posts: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#138 …}
    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#200 …}
    +bans: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#117 …}
    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#103 …}
    +badges: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#81 …}
    +logs: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#71 …}
    +awards: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1346 …}
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    +apDeletedAt: null
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    +visibility: "visible             "
    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1698929468 {#271
      date: 2023-11-02 13:51:08.0 +01:00
    }
  }
  +image: null
  +domain: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Domain {#1915 …}
  +slug: "What-are-the-major-components-of-any-Linux-distribution"
  +title: "What are the major components of any Linux distribution?"
  +url: null
  +body: """
    Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
    \n
    1. the Linux Kernel\n
    2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
    3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
    4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
    5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
    6. a bunch of Default applications and daemons (is this where systemd fits int? I know about the GNU tools, SAMBA, CUPS, etc…)\n
    7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
    \n
    Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
    \n
    Thanks!
    """
  +type: "article"
  +lang: "en"
  +isOc: false
  +hasEmbed: false
  +commentCount: 37
  +favouriteCount: 122
  +score: 0
  +isAdult: false
  +sticky: false
  +lastActive: DateTime @1701032472 {#2414
    date: 2023-11-26 22:01:12.0 +01:00
  }
  +ip: null
  +adaAmount: 0
  +tags: null
  +mentions: null
  +comments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1884 …}
  +votes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1973 …}
  +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1959 …}
  +favourites: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1927 …}
  +notifications: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#2442 …}
  +badges: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#2440 …}
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  +editedAt: null
  +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1700962624 {#1793
    date: 2023-11-26 02:37:04.0 +01:00
  }
}
 
"Scheb\TwoFactorBundle\Security\Authorization\Voter\TwoFactorInProgressVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\EntryCommentVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\EntryVoter"
 ACCESS DENIED 
"App\Security\Voter\MagazineVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\MessageThreadVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\MessageVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\NotificationVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\OAuth2UserConsentVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\PostCommentVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\PostVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\UserVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN
Show voter details
4 DENIED moderate 
App\Entity\Entry {#2419
  +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1970 …}
  +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#265
    +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#246 …}
    +name: "linux@lemmy.ml"
    +title: "linux"
    +description: """
      From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n
      \n
      Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).\n
      \n
      Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word “Linux” in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.\n
      \n
      ### Rules\n
      \n
      - Posts must be relevant to operating systems running the Linux kernel. GNU/Linux or otherwise.\n
      - No misinformation\n
      - No NSFW content\n
      - No hate speech, bigotry, etc\n
      \n
      ### Related Communities\n
      \n
      - [!opensource@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/opensource)\n
      - [!libre_culture@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_culture)\n
      - [!technology@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/technology)\n
      - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
      \n
      Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
      """
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    +entryCommentCount: 28632
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    +postCommentCount: 214
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      date: 2024-10-22 09:52:22.0 +02:00
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    +moderators: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#237 …}
    +ownershipRequests: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#233 …}
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    +subscriptions: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#200 …}
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    +reports: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#103 …}
    +badges: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#81 …}
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    +categories: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1823 …}
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      date: 2023-11-02 13:51:08.0 +01:00
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  +image: null
  +domain: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Domain {#1915 …}
  +slug: "What-are-the-major-components-of-any-Linux-distribution"
  +title: "What are the major components of any Linux distribution?"
  +url: null
  +body: """
    Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
    \n
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    \n
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    \n
    Thanks!
    """
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      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
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      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
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      \n
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      \n
      Thanks!
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      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
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    I would say, that from most important to least important components are:\n
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        From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n
        \n
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        \n
        Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word “Linux” in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.\n
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        - No misinformation\n
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        \n
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        - [!libre_culture@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_culture)\n
        - [!technology@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/technology)\n
        - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
        \n
        Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
        """
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      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
      1. the Linux Kernel\n
      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
      4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
      5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
      6. a bunch of Default applications and daemons (is this where systemd fits int? I know about the GNU tools, SAMBA, CUPS, etc…)\n
      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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    I would say, that from most important to least important components are:\n
    \n
    1. kernel\n
    2. init system (systemd, openrc, runit…)\n
    3. C library (glibc, musl)\n
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    9. x11/Wayland (if any)\n
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9 DENIED ROLE_USER 
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10 DENIED moderate 
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        From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n
        \n
        Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).\n
        \n
        Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word “Linux” in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.\n
        \n
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        - Posts must be relevant to operating systems running the Linux kernel. GNU/Linux or otherwise.\n
        - No misinformation\n
        - No NSFW content\n
        - No hate speech, bigotry, etc\n
        \n
        ### Related Communities\n
        \n
        - [!opensource@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/opensource)\n
        - [!libre_culture@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_culture)\n
        - [!technology@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/technology)\n
        - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
        \n
        Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
        """
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      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
      1. the Linux Kernel\n
      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
      4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
      5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
      6. a bunch of Default applications and daemons (is this where systemd fits int? I know about the GNU tools, SAMBA, CUPS, etc…)\n
      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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    +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#265}
    +image: null
    +parent: null
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    +body: """
      I would say, that from most important to least important components are:\n
      \n
      1. kernel\n
      2. init system (systemd, openrc, runit…)\n
      3. C library (glibc, musl)\n
      4. filesystem\n
      5. coreutils\n
      6. shell\n
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      8. package manager\n
      9. x11/Wayland (if any)\n
      10. sound system (if any)\n
      11. WM (if any)\n
      12. DE (if any)
      """
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  +body: "what do u mean by important? like ‘essential to the system’, or ‘important to consider when choosing a distro’, or what?"
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11 DENIED edit 
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        From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n
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        Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).\n
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        Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word “Linux” in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.\n
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        - [!technology@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/technology)\n
        - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
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      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
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      \n
      Thanks!
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        Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
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      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
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      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
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      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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      I would say, that from most important to least important components are:\n
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        - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
        \n
        Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
        """
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      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
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      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
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      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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        I would say, that from most important to least important components are:\n
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        \n
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        - [!libre_culture@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_culture)\n
        - [!technology@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/technology)\n
        - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
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        Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
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      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
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      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
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      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
      1. the Linux Kernel\n
      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
      4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
      5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
      6. a bunch of Default applications and daemons (is this where systemd fits int? I know about the GNU tools, SAMBA, CUPS, etc…)\n
      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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        I would say, that from most important to least important components are:\n
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        8. package manager\n
        9. x11/Wayland (if any)\n
        10. sound system (if any)\n
        11. WM (if any)\n
        12. DE (if any)
        """
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    +body: "what do u mean by important? like ‘essential to the system’, or ‘important to consider when choosing a distro’, or what?"
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  +body: "I mean “something out of ordinary about it affects your experience with this distro the most”."
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}
 
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17 DENIED ROLE_USER 
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18 DENIED moderate 
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        \n
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        \n
        Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word “Linux” in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.\n
        \n
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        \n
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        - No misinformation\n
        - No NSFW content\n
        - No hate speech, bigotry, etc\n
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        \n
        - [!opensource@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/opensource)\n
        - [!libre_culture@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_culture)\n
        - [!technology@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/technology)\n
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        \n
        Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
        """
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    +body: """
      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
      1. the Linux Kernel\n
      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
      4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
      5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
      6. a bunch of Default applications and daemons (is this where systemd fits int? I know about the GNU tools, SAMBA, CUPS, etc…)\n
      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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      I would say, that from most important to least important components are:\n
      \n
      1. kernel\n
      2. init system (systemd, openrc, runit…)\n
      3. C library (glibc, musl)\n
      4. filesystem\n
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      8. package manager\n
      9. x11/Wayland (if any)\n
      10. sound system (if any)\n
      11. WM (if any)\n
      12. DE (if any)
      """
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      date: 2023-11-26 02:37:04.0 +01:00
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          I would say, that from most important to least important components are:\n
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          2. init system (systemd, openrc, runit…)\n
          3. C library (glibc, musl)\n
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27 DENIED edit 
App\Entity\EntryComment {#5428
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        From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n
        \n
        Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).\n
        \n
        Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word “Linux” in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.\n
        \n
        ### Rules\n
        \n
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        - No misinformation\n
        - No NSFW content\n
        - No hate speech, bigotry, etc\n
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        ### Related Communities\n
        \n
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        - [!libre_culture@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_culture)\n
        - [!technology@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/technology)\n
        - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
        \n
        Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
        """
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    +slug: "What-are-the-major-components-of-any-Linux-distribution"
    +title: "What are the major components of any Linux distribution?"
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    +body: """
      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
      1. the Linux Kernel\n
      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
      4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
      5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
      6. a bunch of Default applications and daemons (is this where systemd fits int? I know about the GNU tools, SAMBA, CUPS, etc…)\n
      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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          I would say, that from most important to least important components are:\n
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          8. package manager\n
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        From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n
        \n
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        \n
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        - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
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        Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
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      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
      1. the Linux Kernel\n
      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
      4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
      5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
      6. a bunch of Default applications and daemons (is this where systemd fits int? I know about the GNU tools, SAMBA, CUPS, etc…)\n
      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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          I would say, that from most important to least important components are:\n
          \n
          1. kernel\n
          2. init system (systemd, openrc, runit…)\n
          3. C library (glibc, musl)\n
          4. filesystem\n
          5. coreutils\n
          6. shell\n
          7. bootloader\n
          8. package manager\n
          9. x11/Wayland (if any)\n
          10. sound system (if any)\n
          11. WM (if any)\n
          12. DE (if any)
          """
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  +body: "Not really."
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29 DENIED ROLE_USER 
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30 DENIED moderate 
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        From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n
        \n
        Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).\n
        \n
        Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word “Linux” in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.\n
        \n
        ### Rules\n
        \n
        - Posts must be relevant to operating systems running the Linux kernel. GNU/Linux or otherwise.\n
        - No misinformation\n
        - No NSFW content\n
        - No hate speech, bigotry, etc\n
        \n
        ### Related Communities\n
        \n
        - [!opensource@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/opensource)\n
        - [!libre_culture@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_culture)\n
        - [!technology@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/technology)\n
        - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
        \n
        Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
        """
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      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
      1. the Linux Kernel\n
      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
      4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
      5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
      6. a bunch of Default applications and daemons (is this where systemd fits int? I know about the GNU tools, SAMBA, CUPS, etc…)\n
      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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      I would say, that from most important to least important components are:\n
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      2. init system (systemd, openrc, runit…)\n
      3. C library (glibc, musl)\n
      4. filesystem\n
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      9. x11/Wayland (if any)\n
      10. sound system (if any)\n
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      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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    +body: "I’m surprised you put shell so high when it tends to be less impactful in my experience. Like I care a lot more if my distro is using GNOME instead of KDE a lot more than if it’s using bash instead of zsh. Plus it’s easy to install and use a different shell"
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  +body: "It is easy to install another shell indeed, but it is quite difficult to configure it. While installation of DE is usually done with just one command. And you can use linux without DE, but not without shell. Many distributions even do not install DE by default at all."
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      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
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      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
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    +createdAt: DateTimeImmutable @1700962624 {#1793
      date: 2023-11-26 02:37:04.0 +01:00
    }
  }
  +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#265}
  +image: null
  +parent: App\Entity\EntryComment {#5259
    +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#5260 …}
    +entry: App\Entity\Entry {#2419}
    +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#265}
    +image: null
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      +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#265}
      +image: null
      +parent: null
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        I would say, that from most important to least important components are:\n
        \n
        1. kernel\n
        2. init system (systemd, openrc, runit…)\n
        3. C library (glibc, musl)\n
        4. filesystem\n
        5. coreutils\n
        6. shell\n
        7. bootloader\n
        8. package manager\n
        9. x11/Wayland (if any)\n
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        """
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    +body: "I’m surprised you put shell so high when it tends to be less impactful in my experience. Like I care a lot more if my distro is using GNOME instead of KDE a lot more than if it’s using bash instead of zsh. Plus it’s easy to install and use a different shell"
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  +root: App\Entity\EntryComment {#4075}
  +body: "It is easy to install another shell indeed, but it is quite difficult to configure it. While installation of DE is usually done with just one command. And you can use linux without DE, but not without shell. Many distributions even do not install DE by default at all."
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}
 
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 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
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 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\NotificationVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\OAuth2UserConsentVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\PostCommentVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\PostVoter"
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"App\Security\Voter\UserVoter"
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Show voter details
36 DENIED moderate 
App\Entity\EntryComment {#5360
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  +entry: App\Entity\Entry {#2419
    +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1970 …}
    +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#265
      +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#246 …}
      +name: "linux@lemmy.ml"
      +title: "linux"
      +description: """
        From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n
        \n
        Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).\n
        \n
        Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word “Linux” in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.\n
        \n
        ### Rules\n
        \n
        - Posts must be relevant to operating systems running the Linux kernel. GNU/Linux or otherwise.\n
        - No misinformation\n
        - No NSFW content\n
        - No hate speech, bigotry, etc\n
        \n
        ### Related Communities\n
        \n
        - [!opensource@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/opensource)\n
        - [!libre_culture@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_culture)\n
        - [!technology@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/technology)\n
        - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
        \n
        Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
        """
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        date: 2024-10-22 09:53:16.0 +02:00
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        date: 2023-11-02 13:51:08.0 +01:00
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    +image: null
    +domain: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Domain {#1915 …}
    +slug: "What-are-the-major-components-of-any-Linux-distribution"
    +title: "What are the major components of any Linux distribution?"
    +url: null
    +body: """
      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
      1. the Linux Kernel\n
      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
      4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
      5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
      6. a bunch of Default applications and daemons (is this where systemd fits int? I know about the GNU tools, SAMBA, CUPS, etc…)\n
      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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      +image: null
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        I would say, that from most important to least important components are:\n
        \n
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        2. init system (systemd, openrc, runit…)\n
        3. C library (glibc, musl)\n
        4. filesystem\n
        5. coreutils\n
        6. shell\n
        7. bootloader\n
        8. package manager\n
        9. x11/Wayland (if any)\n
        10. sound system (if any)\n
        11. WM (if any)\n
        12. DE (if any)
        """
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    +body: "I’m surprised you put shell so high when it tends to be less impactful in my experience. Like I care a lot more if my distro is using GNOME instead of KDE a lot more than if it’s using bash instead of zsh. Plus it’s easy to install and use a different shell"
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  +root: App\Entity\EntryComment {#4075}
  +body: "It is easy to install another shell indeed, but it is quite difficult to configure it. While installation of DE is usually done with just one command. And you can use linux without DE, but not without shell. Many distributions even do not install DE by default at all."
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    "@khorovodoved@lemm.ee"
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}
 
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 ACCESS DENIED 
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 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
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 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\MessageThreadVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
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 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\OAuth2UserConsentVoter"
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 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
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 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\UserVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN
Show voter details
37 DENIED ROLE_USER 
null
 
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 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\MessageVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\NotificationVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\OAuth2UserConsentVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\PostCommentVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
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 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
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 ACCESS ABSTAIN
Show voter details
38 DENIED moderate 
App\Entity\EntryComment {#5416
  +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#5260 …}
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    +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1970 …}
    +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#265
      +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#246 …}
      +name: "linux@lemmy.ml"
      +title: "linux"
      +description: """
        From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n
        \n
        Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).\n
        \n
        Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word “Linux” in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.\n
        \n
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        - [!technology@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/technology)\n
        - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
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        Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
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      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
      1. the Linux Kernel\n
      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
      4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
      5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
      6. a bunch of Default applications and daemons (is this where systemd fits int? I know about the GNU tools, SAMBA, CUPS, etc…)\n
      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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    +parent: App\Entity\EntryComment {#5259
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      +parent: App\Entity\EntryComment {#4075
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          I would say, that from most important to least important components are:\n
          \n
          1. kernel\n
          2. init system (systemd, openrc, runit…)\n
          3. C library (glibc, musl)\n
          4. filesystem\n
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          6. shell\n
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          8. package manager\n
          9. x11/Wayland (if any)\n
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      +body: "I’m surprised you put shell so high when it tends to be less impactful in my experience. Like I care a lot more if my distro is using GNOME instead of KDE a lot more than if it’s using bash instead of zsh. Plus it’s easy to install and use a different shell"
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    +body: "It is easy to install another shell indeed, but it is quite difficult to configure it. While installation of DE is usually done with just one command. And you can use linux without DE, but not without shell. Many distributions even do not install DE by default at all."
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  +body: "Okay but unless you are spending a lot of time in the command line, one (POSIX compliant) shell is as good as another. Like yes every distro needs a shell, but I don’t much care which shell it is."
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        From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n
        \n
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        \n
        Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word “Linux” in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.\n
        \n
        ### Rules\n
        \n
        - Posts must be relevant to operating systems running the Linux kernel. GNU/Linux or otherwise.\n
        - No misinformation\n
        - No NSFW content\n
        - No hate speech, bigotry, etc\n
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        \n
        - [!opensource@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/opensource)\n
        - [!libre_culture@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_culture)\n
        - [!technology@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/technology)\n
        - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
        \n
        Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
        """
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      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
      1. the Linux Kernel\n
      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
      4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
      5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
      6. a bunch of Default applications and daemons (is this where systemd fits int? I know about the GNU tools, SAMBA, CUPS, etc…)\n
      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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          I would say, that from most important to least important components are:\n
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          2. init system (systemd, openrc, runit…)\n
          3. C library (glibc, musl)\n
          4. filesystem\n
          5. coreutils\n
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          9. x11/Wayland (if any)\n
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      +body: "I’m surprised you put shell so high when it tends to be less impactful in my experience. Like I care a lot more if my distro is using GNOME instead of KDE a lot more than if it’s using bash instead of zsh. Plus it’s easy to install and use a different shell"
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    +body: "It is easy to install another shell indeed, but it is quite difficult to configure it. While installation of DE is usually done with just one command. And you can use linux without DE, but not without shell. Many distributions even do not install DE by default at all."
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  +body: "Okay but unless you are spending a lot of time in the command line, one (POSIX compliant) shell is as good as another. Like yes every distro needs a shell, but I don’t much care which shell it is."
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"Scheb\TwoFactorBundle\Security\Authorization\Voter\TwoFactorInProgressVoter"
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"App\Security\Voter\OAuth2UserConsentVoter"
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"App\Security\Voter\PostCommentVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\PostVoter"
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"App\Security\Voter\UserVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN
Show voter details
40 DENIED moderate 
App\Entity\EntryComment {#5416
  +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#5260 …}
  +entry: App\Entity\Entry {#2419
    +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1970 …}
    +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#265
      +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#246 …}
      +name: "linux@lemmy.ml"
      +title: "linux"
      +description: """
        From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n
        \n
        Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).\n
        \n
        Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word “Linux” in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.\n
        \n
        ### Rules\n
        \n
        - Posts must be relevant to operating systems running the Linux kernel. GNU/Linux or otherwise.\n
        - No misinformation\n
        - No NSFW content\n
        - No hate speech, bigotry, etc\n
        \n
        ### Related Communities\n
        \n
        - [!opensource@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/opensource)\n
        - [!libre_culture@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_culture)\n
        - [!technology@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/technology)\n
        - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
        \n
        Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
        """
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    +image: null
    +domain: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Domain {#1915 …}
    +slug: "What-are-the-major-components-of-any-Linux-distribution"
    +title: "What are the major components of any Linux distribution?"
    +url: null
    +body: """
      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
      1. the Linux Kernel\n
      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
      4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
      5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
      6. a bunch of Default applications and daemons (is this where systemd fits int? I know about the GNU tools, SAMBA, CUPS, etc…)\n
      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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  +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#265}
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  +parent: App\Entity\EntryComment {#5360
    +user: App\Entity\User {#4023 …}
    +entry: App\Entity\Entry {#2419}
    +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#265}
    +image: null
    +parent: App\Entity\EntryComment {#5259
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      +parent: App\Entity\EntryComment {#4075
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        +image: null
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        +body: """
          I would say, that from most important to least important components are:\n
          \n
          1. kernel\n
          2. init system (systemd, openrc, runit…)\n
          3. C library (glibc, musl)\n
          4. filesystem\n
          5. coreutils\n
          6. shell\n
          7. bootloader\n
          8. package manager\n
          9. x11/Wayland (if any)\n
          10. sound system (if any)\n
          11. WM (if any)\n
          12. DE (if any)
          """
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      +root: App\Entity\EntryComment {#4075}
      +body: "I’m surprised you put shell so high when it tends to be less impactful in my experience. Like I care a lot more if my distro is using GNOME instead of KDE a lot more than if it’s using bash instead of zsh. Plus it’s easy to install and use a different shell"
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    +root: App\Entity\EntryComment {#4075}
    +body: "It is easy to install another shell indeed, but it is quite difficult to configure it. While installation of DE is usually done with just one command. And you can use linux without DE, but not without shell. Many distributions even do not install DE by default at all."
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  }
  +root: App\Entity\EntryComment {#4075}
  +body: "Okay but unless you are spending a lot of time in the command line, one (POSIX compliant) shell is as good as another. Like yes every distro needs a shell, but I don’t much care which shell it is."
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}
 
"Scheb\TwoFactorBundle\Security\Authorization\Voter\TwoFactorInProgressVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
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 ACCESS DENIED 
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 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
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 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
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 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
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 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
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 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\PostVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\UserVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN
Show voter details
41 DENIED ROLE_USER 
null
 
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 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
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 ACCESS DENIED 
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 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
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 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\MessageVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\NotificationVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\OAuth2UserConsentVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\PostCommentVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\PostVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\UserVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN
Show voter details
42 DENIED moderate 
App\Entity\EntryComment {#5276
  +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#5277 …}
  +entry: App\Entity\Entry {#2419
    +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1970 …}
    +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#265
      +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#246 …}
      +name: "linux@lemmy.ml"
      +title: "linux"
      +description: """
        From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n
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      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
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        ### Related Communities\n
        \n
        - [!opensource@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/opensource)\n
        - [!libre_culture@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_culture)\n
        - [!technology@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/technology)\n
        - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
        \n
        Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
        """
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      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
      1. the Linux Kernel\n
      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
      4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
      5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
      6. a bunch of Default applications and daemons (is this where systemd fits int? I know about the GNU tools, SAMBA, CUPS, etc…)\n
      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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      I would say, that from most important to least important components are:\n
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      2. init system (systemd, openrc, runit…)\n
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      9. x11/Wayland (if any)\n
      10. sound system (if any)\n
      11. WM (if any)\n
      12. DE (if any)
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App\Entity\EntryComment {#5376
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        From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n
        \n
        Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).\n
        \n
        Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word “Linux” in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.\n
        \n
        ### Rules\n
        \n
        - Posts must be relevant to operating systems running the Linux kernel. GNU/Linux or otherwise.\n
        - No misinformation\n
        - No NSFW content\n
        - No hate speech, bigotry, etc\n
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        ### Related Communities\n
        \n
        - [!opensource@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/opensource)\n
        - [!libre_culture@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_culture)\n
        - [!technology@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/technology)\n
        - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
        \n
        Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
        """
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      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
      1. the Linux Kernel\n
      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
      4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
      5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
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      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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        I would say, that from most important to least important components are:\n
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  +root: App\Entity\EntryComment {#4075}
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    it is a dynamically linked library, meaning its not in the compiled binary, but its assumed to already be on the system. as opposed to a statically linked binary. this lowers the file size of the binaries, because most will use the standard library.\n
    \n
    edit: this may not be 100% correct, but its the general idea
    """
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      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
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    it is a dynamically linked library, meaning its not in the compiled binary, but its assumed to already be on the system. as opposed to a statically linked binary. this lowers the file size of the binaries, because most will use the standard library.\n
    \n
    edit: this may not be 100% correct, but its the general idea
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      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
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      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
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    it is a dynamically linked library, meaning its not in the compiled binary, but its assumed to already be on the system. as opposed to a statically linked binary. this lowers the file size of the binaries, because most will use the standard library.\n
    \n
    edit: this may not be 100% correct, but its the general idea
    """
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        \n
        Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word “Linux” in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.\n
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      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
      1. the Linux Kernel\n
      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
      4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
      5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
      6. a bunch of Default applications and daemons (is this where systemd fits int? I know about the GNU tools, SAMBA, CUPS, etc…)\n
      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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        I would say, that from most important to least important components are:\n
        \n
        1. kernel\n
        2. init system (systemd, openrc, runit…)\n
        3. C library (glibc, musl)\n
        4. filesystem\n
        5. coreutils\n
        6. shell\n
        7. bootloader\n
        8. package manager\n
        9. x11/Wayland (if any)\n
        10. sound system (if any)\n
        11. WM (if any)\n
        12. DE (if any)
        """
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  +body: "Most C binaries usually do not contain everything needed for their execution. It would make them too platform-specific. What most c programs do is that they use standard c library from platform for low-level things and communication with the system like memory allocation or stdin/stdout things, for example."
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        \n
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        - No misinformation\n
        - No NSFW content\n
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        \n
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        \n
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        - [!libre_culture@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_culture)\n
        - [!technology@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/technology)\n
        - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
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        Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
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    +url: null
    +body: """
      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
      1. the Linux Kernel\n
      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
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      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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        \n
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        \n
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        ### Rules\n
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        - Posts must be relevant to operating systems running the Linux kernel. GNU/Linux or otherwise.\n
        - No misinformation\n
        - No NSFW content\n
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        ### Related Communities\n
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        - [!libre_culture@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_culture)\n
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        - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
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        Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
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      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
      1. the Linux Kernel\n
      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
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      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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  +body: "Fun fact, the init process can be anything, even /bin/bash or a shell script. But if it ends or dies so does the system, and of course you want extra features like multiuser capability, better interface etc. So it’s typically a more complex system like you said, that starts a bunch of other things. But you can still see the init process with PID 1 there in the process list. 😊"
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    +body: "Fun fact, the init process can be anything, even /bin/bash or a shell script. But if it ends or dies so does the system, and of course you want extra features like multiuser capability, better interface etc. So it’s typically a more complex system like you said, that starts a bunch of other things. But you can still see the init process with PID 1 there in the process list. 😊"
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  +body: "Fun fact: On Slackware, the init process is just a shell script (which launches other shell scripts)."
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      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
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      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
      4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
      5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
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      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
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      Thanks!
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    Package manager needs to be higher since Linux distros are software distribution projects mainly.\n
    \n
    1. Package manager\n
    2. Config tools\n
    3. Config defaults\n
    4. Kernel\n
    5. Init process\n
    6. Software
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      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
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      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
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App\Entity\EntryComment {#5294
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        \n
        Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).\n
        \n
        Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word “Linux” in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.\n
        \n
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        - No misinformation\n
        - No NSFW content\n
        - No hate speech, bigotry, etc\n
        \n
        ### Related Communities\n
        \n
        - [!opensource@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/opensource)\n
        - [!libre_culture@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_culture)\n
        - [!technology@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/technology)\n
        - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
        \n
        Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
        """
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      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
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      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
      4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
      5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
      6. a bunch of Default applications and daemons (is this where systemd fits int? I know about the GNU tools, SAMBA, CUPS, etc…)\n
      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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        Package manager needs to be higher since Linux distros are software distribution projects mainly.\n
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        4. Kernel\n
        5. Init process\n
        6. Software
        """
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    What are we ranking? The boot order of computers?\n
    \n
    Of the 3 you listed, the init is only important to a few distros.\n
    \n
    Also you forgot this is Linux and the initramfs.
    """
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75 DENIED edit 
App\Entity\EntryComment {#5294
  +user: App\Entity\User {#4209 …}
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    +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1970 …}
    +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#265
      +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#246 …}
      +name: "linux@lemmy.ml"
      +title: "linux"
      +description: """
        From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n
        \n
        Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).\n
        \n
        Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word “Linux” in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.\n
        \n
        ### Rules\n
        \n
        - Posts must be relevant to operating systems running the Linux kernel. GNU/Linux or otherwise.\n
        - No misinformation\n
        - No NSFW content\n
        - No hate speech, bigotry, etc\n
        \n
        ### Related Communities\n
        \n
        - [!opensource@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/opensource)\n
        - [!libre_culture@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_culture)\n
        - [!technology@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/technology)\n
        - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
        \n
        Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
        """
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      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
      1. the Linux Kernel\n
      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
      4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
      5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
      6. a bunch of Default applications and daemons (is this where systemd fits int? I know about the GNU tools, SAMBA, CUPS, etc…)\n
      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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        Package manager needs to be higher since Linux distros are software distribution projects mainly.\n
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    What are we ranking? The boot order of computers?\n
    \n
    Of the 3 you listed, the init is only important to a few distros.\n
    \n
    Also you forgot this is Linux and the initramfs.
    """
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      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
      1. the Linux Kernel\n
      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
      4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
      5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
      6. a bunch of Default applications and daemons (is this where systemd fits int? I know about the GNU tools, SAMBA, CUPS, etc…)\n
      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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        Package manager needs to be higher since Linux distros are software distribution projects mainly.\n
        \n
        1. Package manager\n
        2. Config tools\n
        3. Config defaults\n
        4. Kernel\n
        5. Init process\n
        6. Software
        """
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    +body: "Well, bootloader first, then kernel, then init."
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  +body: """
    What are we ranking? The boot order of computers?\n
    \n
    Of the 3 you listed, the init is only important to a few distros.\n
    \n
    Also you forgot this is Linux and the initramfs.
    """
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        \n
        Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word “Linux” in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.\n
        \n
        ### Rules\n
        \n
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        - No misinformation\n
        - No NSFW content\n
        - No hate speech, bigotry, etc\n
        \n
        ### Related Communities\n
        \n
        - [!opensource@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/opensource)\n
        - [!libre_culture@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_culture)\n
        - [!technology@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/technology)\n
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        Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
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      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
      1. the Linux Kernel\n
      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
      4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
      5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
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      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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  +body: """
    Also:\n
    \n
    - init system, without which you’d be left with only one program running at a time\n
    - some programs are written in interpreted language (e.g python, shell, perl), so the interpreter would also be required\n
    - C library, without which none of the above would function (yes, even if all the programs are statically compiled, it still has that library included with each executable)\n
    - this one is not necessary for the runtime, but is needed for creating a working system: toolchain – preprocessor, compiler, linker, assembler – all the stuff for transforming the source code into executables\n
    \n
    Another comment mentioned Linux From Scratch, I’d totally recommend that, but it would take so much of your time manually building stuff (which is why it is so educational). If you don’t have the time, you may want to opt with Gentoo instead.
    """
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        \n
        Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word “Linux” in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.\n
        \n
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        - No misinformation\n
        - No NSFW content\n
        - No hate speech, bigotry, etc\n
        \n
        ### Related Communities\n
        \n
        - [!opensource@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/opensource)\n
        - [!libre_culture@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_culture)\n
        - [!technology@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/technology)\n
        - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
        \n
        Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
        """
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      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
      1. the Linux Kernel\n
      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
      4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
      5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
      6. a bunch of Default applications and daemons (is this where systemd fits int? I know about the GNU tools, SAMBA, CUPS, etc…)\n
      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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      date: 2023-11-26 02:37:04.0 +01:00
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  +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#265}
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  +parent: App\Entity\EntryComment {#4269
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    +entry: App\Entity\Entry {#2419}
    +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#265}
    +image: null
    +parent: null
    +root: null
    +body: """
      Also:\n
      \n
      - init system, without which you’d be left with only one program running at a time\n
      - some programs are written in interpreted language (e.g python, shell, perl), so the interpreter would also be required\n
      - C library, without which none of the above would function (yes, even if all the programs are statically compiled, it still has that library included with each executable)\n
      - this one is not necessary for the runtime, but is needed for creating a working system: toolchain – preprocessor, compiler, linker, assembler – all the stuff for transforming the source code into executables\n
      \n
      Another comment mentioned Linux From Scratch, I’d totally recommend that, but it would take so much of your time manually building stuff (which is why it is so educational). If you don’t have the time, you may want to opt with Gentoo instead.
      """
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  +root: App\Entity\EntryComment {#4269}
  +body: """
    I would also mention:\n
    \n
    - The multi-user system, which is a bunch of config files, libraries, utils and UIs, that deal with logging in or doing stuff as a specific user.\n
    - The logging system. Individual applications can simply log to a different file each but for system services the logging is usually centralized and offers additional features (like logging remotely etc.)\n
    - Setting up networking is pretty much mandatory these days.
    """
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83 DENIED edit 
App\Entity\EntryComment {#5212
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    +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1970 …}
    +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#265
      +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#246 …}
      +name: "linux@lemmy.ml"
      +title: "linux"
      +description: """
        From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n
        \n
        Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).\n
        \n
        Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word “Linux” in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.\n
        \n
        ### Rules\n
        \n
        - Posts must be relevant to operating systems running the Linux kernel. GNU/Linux or otherwise.\n
        - No misinformation\n
        - No NSFW content\n
        - No hate speech, bigotry, etc\n
        \n
        ### Related Communities\n
        \n
        - [!opensource@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/opensource)\n
        - [!libre_culture@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_culture)\n
        - [!technology@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/technology)\n
        - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
        \n
        Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
        """
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    +url: null
    +body: """
      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
      1. the Linux Kernel\n
      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
      4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
      5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
      6. a bunch of Default applications and daemons (is this where systemd fits int? I know about the GNU tools, SAMBA, CUPS, etc…)\n
      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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    +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#265}
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    +parent: null
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    +body: """
      Also:\n
      \n
      - init system, without which you’d be left with only one program running at a time\n
      - some programs are written in interpreted language (e.g python, shell, perl), so the interpreter would also be required\n
      - C library, without which none of the above would function (yes, even if all the programs are statically compiled, it still has that library included with each executable)\n
      - this one is not necessary for the runtime, but is needed for creating a working system: toolchain – preprocessor, compiler, linker, assembler – all the stuff for transforming the source code into executables\n
      \n
      Another comment mentioned Linux From Scratch, I’d totally recommend that, but it would take so much of your time manually building stuff (which is why it is so educational). If you don’t have the time, you may want to opt with Gentoo instead.
      """
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  +root: App\Entity\EntryComment {#4269}
  +body: """
    I would also mention:\n
    \n
    - The multi-user system, which is a bunch of config files, libraries, utils and UIs, that deal with logging in or doing stuff as a specific user.\n
    - The logging system. Individual applications can simply log to a different file each but for system services the logging is usually centralized and offers additional features (like logging remotely etc.)\n
    - Setting up networking is pretty much mandatory these days.
    """
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      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
      1. the Linux Kernel\n
      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
      4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
      5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
      6. a bunch of Default applications and daemons (is this where systemd fits int? I know about the GNU tools, SAMBA, CUPS, etc…)\n
      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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    +body: """
      Also:\n
      \n
      - init system, without which you’d be left with only one program running at a time\n
      - some programs are written in interpreted language (e.g python, shell, perl), so the interpreter would also be required\n
      - C library, without which none of the above would function (yes, even if all the programs are statically compiled, it still has that library included with each executable)\n
      - this one is not necessary for the runtime, but is needed for creating a working system: toolchain – preprocessor, compiler, linker, assembler – all the stuff for transforming the source code into executables\n
      \n
      Another comment mentioned Linux From Scratch, I’d totally recommend that, but it would take so much of your time manually building stuff (which is why it is so educational). If you don’t have the time, you may want to opt with Gentoo instead.
      """
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  +root: App\Entity\EntryComment {#4269}
  +body: """
    I would also mention:\n
    \n
    - The multi-user system, which is a bunch of config files, libraries, utils and UIs, that deal with logging in or doing stuff as a specific user.\n
    - The logging system. Individual applications can simply log to a different file each but for system services the logging is usually centralized and offers additional features (like logging remotely etc.)\n
    - Setting up networking is pretty much mandatory these days.
    """
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        \n
        Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).\n
        \n
        Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word “Linux” in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.\n
        \n
        ### Rules\n
        \n
        - Posts must be relevant to operating systems running the Linux kernel. GNU/Linux or otherwise.\n
        - No misinformation\n
        - No NSFW content\n
        - No hate speech, bigotry, etc\n
        \n
        ### Related Communities\n
        \n
        - [!opensource@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/opensource)\n
        - [!libre_culture@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_culture)\n
        - [!technology@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/technology)\n
        - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
        \n
        Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
        """
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    +title: "What are the major components of any Linux distribution?"
    +url: null
    +body: """
      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
      1. the Linux Kernel\n
      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
      4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
      5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
      6. a bunch of Default applications and daemons (is this where systemd fits int? I know about the GNU tools, SAMBA, CUPS, etc…)\n
      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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  +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#265}
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  +body: """
    Hey! Great questions.\n
    \n
    It seems like what you’re asking about are more what I’d think of as components of an a Linux “system” or “install.”\n
    \n
    First off, it’s definitely worth saying that there aren’t a lot of rules that would apply to “all” Linux systems. Linux is huge in embedded systems, for instance, and it’s not terribly uncommon to find embedded Linux systems with no shells, no DE/WM, and no package manager. (I’m not 100% sure a filesystem is technically necessary. If it is, you can probably get away with something that’s… *kinda sorta* a filesystem. But I’ll get to that.)\n
    \n
    Also, it’s very common to find “headless” systems without any graphical system whatsoever. Just text-mode. These are usually either servers that are intended to be interacted with over a network or embedded systems without screens. But there are a lot of them in the wild.\n
    \n
    There’s also Linux From Scratch. You can decide for yourself whether it qualifies as a “distribution”, but it’s a way of running Linux on (typically) a PC (including things like DE’s) without a package manager.\n
    \n
    All that I’d say are *truly* necessary for *all* Linux systems are 1) a bootloader, 2) a Linux kernel, 3) A PID 1 process which may or may not be an init system. (The “PID 1 process” is just the first process that is run by the Linux kernel after the kernel starts.)\n
    \n
    The “bunch of default applications and daemons” feels like three or four different items to me:\n
    \n
    - Systemd is an example of an “init system.” There are several available. OpenRC, Runit, etc. It’s main job is to manage/supervise the daemons. Ensure they’re running when they’re supposed to be. (I’ll mention quickly here that Systemd has a lot more functionality built in than just for managing daemons and gets a bad rap for it. Network configuration, cron, dbus for communication between processes, etc. But it still probably qualifies as “an init system.” Just not *just* an init system.)\n
    - Daemons are programs that kindof run in the background and handle various things.\n
    - Coreutils are probably something I’d list separately from user applications. Coreutils are mostly for interacting with low-ish level things. Formatting filesystems. Basic shell commands. Things like that.\n
    - User applications are the programs that you run on demand and interact with. Terminal emulators, browsers compilers, things like that. (I’ll admit the line between coreutils and user applications might be a little fuzzy.)\n
    \n
    As for your question about graphical systems, X11 and Wayland work a little differently. X11 is a graphical system that technically can be run without a desktop environment or window manager, but it’s pretty limited without one. The DE/WM runs as one or more separate processes communicating with X11 to add functionality like a taskbar, window decorations, the ability to have two or more separate windows and move them around and switch between them, etc. A Wayland “compositor” is generally the same process handling everything X11 would handle *plus* everything the DE/WM would handle. (Except for the Weston compositor that uses different “shells” for DE/WM kind of functionality.)\n
    \n
    As far as things that might be missing from your list, I’ll mention the initrd/initramfs. Typically, the way things are done, when the Linux kernel is first loaded by the bootloader, it an “initial ramdisk” is also loaded. Basically, it creates a filesystem that lives only in ram and populates it from an archive file called an “initramfs”. (“initrd” is the older way to do the same thing.) Sometimes the initramfs is bundled into the same file as the kernel itself. But, that initial ramdisk provides an initial set of tools necessary to load the “main” root filesystem. The initramfs can also do some cool things like handling full disk encryption.\n
    \n
    So, the whole list of typical components for a PC-installed Linux system to be interacted with directly as *I’d* personally construct it would be something like:\n
    \n
    - Bootloader\n
    - Linux Kernel\n
    - Initramfs\n
    - Filesystem(s)\n
    - Shell(s)\n
    - Init system\n
    - Daemons\n
    - Coreutils\n
    - Graphical system (X11 or Wayland potentially with a DE/WM.)\n
    - User applications\n
    - Package manager\n
    \n
    But techinically, you could have a functional, working “Linux system” with just:\n
    \n
    - Bootloader\n
    - Linux Kernel\n
    - Either a nonvolatile filesystem or initrd/initramfs (and I’m not 100% sure this one is even strictly necessary)\n
    - A PID 1 process\n
    \n
    Hopefully this all helps and answers your questions! Never stop learning. :D
    """
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      +title: "linux"
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        From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n
        \n
        Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).\n
        \n
        Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word “Linux” in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.\n
        \n
        ### Rules\n
        \n
        - Posts must be relevant to operating systems running the Linux kernel. GNU/Linux or otherwise.\n
        - No misinformation\n
        - No NSFW content\n
        - No hate speech, bigotry, etc\n
        \n
        ### Related Communities\n
        \n
        - [!opensource@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/opensource)\n
        - [!libre_culture@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_culture)\n
        - [!technology@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/technology)\n
        - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
        \n
        Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
        """
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    +slug: "What-are-the-major-components-of-any-Linux-distribution"
    +title: "What are the major components of any Linux distribution?"
    +url: null
    +body: """
      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
      1. the Linux Kernel\n
      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
      4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
      5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
      6. a bunch of Default applications and daemons (is this where systemd fits int? I know about the GNU tools, SAMBA, CUPS, etc…)\n
      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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  +body: """
    Hey! Great questions.\n
    \n
    It seems like what you’re asking about are more what I’d think of as components of an a Linux “system” or “install.”\n
    \n
    First off, it’s definitely worth saying that there aren’t a lot of rules that would apply to “all” Linux systems. Linux is huge in embedded systems, for instance, and it’s not terribly uncommon to find embedded Linux systems with no shells, no DE/WM, and no package manager. (I’m not 100% sure a filesystem is technically necessary. If it is, you can probably get away with something that’s… *kinda sorta* a filesystem. But I’ll get to that.)\n
    \n
    Also, it’s very common to find “headless” systems without any graphical system whatsoever. Just text-mode. These are usually either servers that are intended to be interacted with over a network or embedded systems without screens. But there are a lot of them in the wild.\n
    \n
    There’s also Linux From Scratch. You can decide for yourself whether it qualifies as a “distribution”, but it’s a way of running Linux on (typically) a PC (including things like DE’s) without a package manager.\n
    \n
    All that I’d say are *truly* necessary for *all* Linux systems are 1) a bootloader, 2) a Linux kernel, 3) A PID 1 process which may or may not be an init system. (The “PID 1 process” is just the first process that is run by the Linux kernel after the kernel starts.)\n
    \n
    The “bunch of default applications and daemons” feels like three or four different items to me:\n
    \n
    - Systemd is an example of an “init system.” There are several available. OpenRC, Runit, etc. It’s main job is to manage/supervise the daemons. Ensure they’re running when they’re supposed to be. (I’ll mention quickly here that Systemd has a lot more functionality built in than just for managing daemons and gets a bad rap for it. Network configuration, cron, dbus for communication between processes, etc. But it still probably qualifies as “an init system.” Just not *just* an init system.)\n
    - Daemons are programs that kindof run in the background and handle various things.\n
    - Coreutils are probably something I’d list separately from user applications. Coreutils are mostly for interacting with low-ish level things. Formatting filesystems. Basic shell commands. Things like that.\n
    - User applications are the programs that you run on demand and interact with. Terminal emulators, browsers compilers, things like that. (I’ll admit the line between coreutils and user applications might be a little fuzzy.)\n
    \n
    As for your question about graphical systems, X11 and Wayland work a little differently. X11 is a graphical system that technically can be run without a desktop environment or window manager, but it’s pretty limited without one. The DE/WM runs as one or more separate processes communicating with X11 to add functionality like a taskbar, window decorations, the ability to have two or more separate windows and move them around and switch between them, etc. A Wayland “compositor” is generally the same process handling everything X11 would handle *plus* everything the DE/WM would handle. (Except for the Weston compositor that uses different “shells” for DE/WM kind of functionality.)\n
    \n
    As far as things that might be missing from your list, I’ll mention the initrd/initramfs. Typically, the way things are done, when the Linux kernel is first loaded by the bootloader, it an “initial ramdisk” is also loaded. Basically, it creates a filesystem that lives only in ram and populates it from an archive file called an “initramfs”. (“initrd” is the older way to do the same thing.) Sometimes the initramfs is bundled into the same file as the kernel itself. But, that initial ramdisk provides an initial set of tools necessary to load the “main” root filesystem. The initramfs can also do some cool things like handling full disk encryption.\n
    \n
    So, the whole list of typical components for a PC-installed Linux system to be interacted with directly as *I’d* personally construct it would be something like:\n
    \n
    - Bootloader\n
    - Linux Kernel\n
    - Initramfs\n
    - Filesystem(s)\n
    - Shell(s)\n
    - Init system\n
    - Daemons\n
    - Coreutils\n
    - Graphical system (X11 or Wayland potentially with a DE/WM.)\n
    - User applications\n
    - Package manager\n
    \n
    But techinically, you could have a functional, working “Linux system” with just:\n
    \n
    - Bootloader\n
    - Linux Kernel\n
    - Either a nonvolatile filesystem or initrd/initramfs (and I’m not 100% sure this one is even strictly necessary)\n
    - A PID 1 process\n
    \n
    Hopefully this all helps and answers your questions! Never stop learning. :D
    """
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        From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n
        \n
        Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).\n
        \n
        Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word “Linux” in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.\n
        \n
        ### Rules\n
        \n
        - Posts must be relevant to operating systems running the Linux kernel. GNU/Linux or otherwise.\n
        - No misinformation\n
        - No NSFW content\n
        - No hate speech, bigotry, etc\n
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        ### Related Communities\n
        \n
        - [!opensource@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/opensource)\n
        - [!libre_culture@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_culture)\n
        - [!technology@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/technology)\n
        - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
        \n
        Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
        """
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    +slug: "What-are-the-major-components-of-any-Linux-distribution"
    +title: "What are the major components of any Linux distribution?"
    +url: null
    +body: """
      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
      1. the Linux Kernel\n
      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
      4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
      5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
      6. a bunch of Default applications and daemons (is this where systemd fits int? I know about the GNU tools, SAMBA, CUPS, etc…)\n
      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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  +body: """
    Hey! Great questions.\n
    \n
    It seems like what you’re asking about are more what I’d think of as components of an a Linux “system” or “install.”\n
    \n
    First off, it’s definitely worth saying that there aren’t a lot of rules that would apply to “all” Linux systems. Linux is huge in embedded systems, for instance, and it’s not terribly uncommon to find embedded Linux systems with no shells, no DE/WM, and no package manager. (I’m not 100% sure a filesystem is technically necessary. If it is, you can probably get away with something that’s… *kinda sorta* a filesystem. But I’ll get to that.)\n
    \n
    Also, it’s very common to find “headless” systems without any graphical system whatsoever. Just text-mode. These are usually either servers that are intended to be interacted with over a network or embedded systems without screens. But there are a lot of them in the wild.\n
    \n
    There’s also Linux From Scratch. You can decide for yourself whether it qualifies as a “distribution”, but it’s a way of running Linux on (typically) a PC (including things like DE’s) without a package manager.\n
    \n
    All that I’d say are *truly* necessary for *all* Linux systems are 1) a bootloader, 2) a Linux kernel, 3) A PID 1 process which may or may not be an init system. (The “PID 1 process” is just the first process that is run by the Linux kernel after the kernel starts.)\n
    \n
    The “bunch of default applications and daemons” feels like three or four different items to me:\n
    \n
    - Systemd is an example of an “init system.” There are several available. OpenRC, Runit, etc. It’s main job is to manage/supervise the daemons. Ensure they’re running when they’re supposed to be. (I’ll mention quickly here that Systemd has a lot more functionality built in than just for managing daemons and gets a bad rap for it. Network configuration, cron, dbus for communication between processes, etc. But it still probably qualifies as “an init system.” Just not *just* an init system.)\n
    - Daemons are programs that kindof run in the background and handle various things.\n
    - Coreutils are probably something I’d list separately from user applications. Coreutils are mostly for interacting with low-ish level things. Formatting filesystems. Basic shell commands. Things like that.\n
    - User applications are the programs that you run on demand and interact with. Terminal emulators, browsers compilers, things like that. (I’ll admit the line between coreutils and user applications might be a little fuzzy.)\n
    \n
    As for your question about graphical systems, X11 and Wayland work a little differently. X11 is a graphical system that technically can be run without a desktop environment or window manager, but it’s pretty limited without one. The DE/WM runs as one or more separate processes communicating with X11 to add functionality like a taskbar, window decorations, the ability to have two or more separate windows and move them around and switch between them, etc. A Wayland “compositor” is generally the same process handling everything X11 would handle *plus* everything the DE/WM would handle. (Except for the Weston compositor that uses different “shells” for DE/WM kind of functionality.)\n
    \n
    As far as things that might be missing from your list, I’ll mention the initrd/initramfs. Typically, the way things are done, when the Linux kernel is first loaded by the bootloader, it an “initial ramdisk” is also loaded. Basically, it creates a filesystem that lives only in ram and populates it from an archive file called an “initramfs”. (“initrd” is the older way to do the same thing.) Sometimes the initramfs is bundled into the same file as the kernel itself. But, that initial ramdisk provides an initial set of tools necessary to load the “main” root filesystem. The initramfs can also do some cool things like handling full disk encryption.\n
    \n
    So, the whole list of typical components for a PC-installed Linux system to be interacted with directly as *I’d* personally construct it would be something like:\n
    \n
    - Bootloader\n
    - Linux Kernel\n
    - Initramfs\n
    - Filesystem(s)\n
    - Shell(s)\n
    - Init system\n
    - Daemons\n
    - Coreutils\n
    - Graphical system (X11 or Wayland potentially with a DE/WM.)\n
    - User applications\n
    - Package manager\n
    \n
    But techinically, you could have a functional, working “Linux system” with just:\n
    \n
    - Bootloader\n
    - Linux Kernel\n
    - Either a nonvolatile filesystem or initrd/initramfs (and I’m not 100% sure this one is even strictly necessary)\n
    - A PID 1 process\n
    \n
    Hopefully this all helps and answers your questions! Never stop learning. :D
    """
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89 DENIED ROLE_USER 
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90 DENIED moderate 
App\Entity\EntryComment {#5196
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    +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1970 …}
    +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#265
      +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#246 …}
      +name: "linux@lemmy.ml"
      +title: "linux"
      +description: """
        From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n
        \n
        Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).\n
        \n
        Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word “Linux” in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.\n
        \n
        ### Rules\n
        \n
        - Posts must be relevant to operating systems running the Linux kernel. GNU/Linux or otherwise.\n
        - No misinformation\n
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        - [!technology@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/technology)\n
        - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
        \n
        Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
        """
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    +title: "What are the major components of any Linux distribution?"
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    +body: """
      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
      1. the Linux Kernel\n
      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
      4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
      5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
      6. a bunch of Default applications and daemons (is this where systemd fits int? I know about the GNU tools, SAMBA, CUPS, etc…)\n
      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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    +body: """
      Hey! Great questions.\n
      \n
      It seems like what you’re asking about are more what I’d think of as components of an a Linux “system” or “install.”\n
      \n
      First off, it’s definitely worth saying that there aren’t a lot of rules that would apply to “all” Linux systems. Linux is huge in embedded systems, for instance, and it’s not terribly uncommon to find embedded Linux systems with no shells, no DE/WM, and no package manager. (I’m not 100% sure a filesystem is technically necessary. If it is, you can probably get away with something that’s… *kinda sorta* a filesystem. But I’ll get to that.)\n
      \n
      Also, it’s very common to find “headless” systems without any graphical system whatsoever. Just text-mode. These are usually either servers that are intended to be interacted with over a network or embedded systems without screens. But there are a lot of them in the wild.\n
      \n
      There’s also Linux From Scratch. You can decide for yourself whether it qualifies as a “distribution”, but it’s a way of running Linux on (typically) a PC (including things like DE’s) without a package manager.\n
      \n
      All that I’d say are *truly* necessary for *all* Linux systems are 1) a bootloader, 2) a Linux kernel, 3) A PID 1 process which may or may not be an init system. (The “PID 1 process” is just the first process that is run by the Linux kernel after the kernel starts.)\n
      \n
      The “bunch of default applications and daemons” feels like three or four different items to me:\n
      \n
      - Systemd is an example of an “init system.” There are several available. OpenRC, Runit, etc. It’s main job is to manage/supervise the daemons. Ensure they’re running when they’re supposed to be. (I’ll mention quickly here that Systemd has a lot more functionality built in than just for managing daemons and gets a bad rap for it. Network configuration, cron, dbus for communication between processes, etc. But it still probably qualifies as “an init system.” Just not *just* an init system.)\n
      - Daemons are programs that kindof run in the background and handle various things.\n
      - Coreutils are probably something I’d list separately from user applications. Coreutils are mostly for interacting with low-ish level things. Formatting filesystems. Basic shell commands. Things like that.\n
      - User applications are the programs that you run on demand and interact with. Terminal emulators, browsers compilers, things like that. (I’ll admit the line between coreutils and user applications might be a little fuzzy.)\n
      \n
      As for your question about graphical systems, X11 and Wayland work a little differently. X11 is a graphical system that technically can be run without a desktop environment or window manager, but it’s pretty limited without one. The DE/WM runs as one or more separate processes communicating with X11 to add functionality like a taskbar, window decorations, the ability to have two or more separate windows and move them around and switch between them, etc. A Wayland “compositor” is generally the same process handling everything X11 would handle *plus* everything the DE/WM would handle. (Except for the Weston compositor that uses different “shells” for DE/WM kind of functionality.)\n
      \n
      As far as things that might be missing from your list, I’ll mention the initrd/initramfs. Typically, the way things are done, when the Linux kernel is first loaded by the bootloader, it an “initial ramdisk” is also loaded. Basically, it creates a filesystem that lives only in ram and populates it from an archive file called an “initramfs”. (“initrd” is the older way to do the same thing.) Sometimes the initramfs is bundled into the same file as the kernel itself. But, that initial ramdisk provides an initial set of tools necessary to load the “main” root filesystem. The initramfs can also do some cool things like handling full disk encryption.\n
      \n
      So, the whole list of typical components for a PC-installed Linux system to be interacted with directly as *I’d* personally construct it would be something like:\n
      \n
      - Bootloader\n
      - Linux Kernel\n
      - Initramfs\n
      - Filesystem(s)\n
      - Shell(s)\n
      - Init system\n
      - Daemons\n
      - Coreutils\n
      - Graphical system (X11 or Wayland potentially with a DE/WM.)\n
      - User applications\n
      - Package manager\n
      \n
      But techinically, you could have a functional, working “Linux system” with just:\n
      \n
      - Bootloader\n
      - Linux Kernel\n
      - Either a nonvolatile filesystem or initrd/initramfs (and I’m not 100% sure this one is even strictly necessary)\n
      - A PID 1 process\n
      \n
      Hopefully this all helps and answers your questions! Never stop learning. :D
      """
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  +body: "You would need some non volatile storage to hold your bootloader be that on the network or local. Also any shell more complicated than tty will need to store config files to run."
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        From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n
        \n
        Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).\n
        \n
        Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word “Linux” in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.\n
        \n
        ### Rules\n
        \n
        - Posts must be relevant to operating systems running the Linux kernel. GNU/Linux or otherwise.\n
        - No misinformation\n
        - No NSFW content\n
        - No hate speech, bigotry, etc\n
        \n
        ### Related Communities\n
        \n
        - [!opensource@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/opensource)\n
        - [!libre_culture@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_culture)\n
        - [!technology@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/technology)\n
        - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
        \n
        Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
        """
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    +slug: "What-are-the-major-components-of-any-Linux-distribution"
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    +url: null
    +body: """
      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
      1. the Linux Kernel\n
      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
      4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
      5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
      6. a bunch of Default applications and daemons (is this where systemd fits int? I know about the GNU tools, SAMBA, CUPS, etc…)\n
      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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    +body: """
      Hey! Great questions.\n
      \n
      It seems like what you’re asking about are more what I’d think of as components of an a Linux “system” or “install.”\n
      \n
      First off, it’s definitely worth saying that there aren’t a lot of rules that would apply to “all” Linux systems. Linux is huge in embedded systems, for instance, and it’s not terribly uncommon to find embedded Linux systems with no shells, no DE/WM, and no package manager. (I’m not 100% sure a filesystem is technically necessary. If it is, you can probably get away with something that’s… *kinda sorta* a filesystem. But I’ll get to that.)\n
      \n
      Also, it’s very common to find “headless” systems without any graphical system whatsoever. Just text-mode. These are usually either servers that are intended to be interacted with over a network or embedded systems without screens. But there are a lot of them in the wild.\n
      \n
      There’s also Linux From Scratch. You can decide for yourself whether it qualifies as a “distribution”, but it’s a way of running Linux on (typically) a PC (including things like DE’s) without a package manager.\n
      \n
      All that I’d say are *truly* necessary for *all* Linux systems are 1) a bootloader, 2) a Linux kernel, 3) A PID 1 process which may or may not be an init system. (The “PID 1 process” is just the first process that is run by the Linux kernel after the kernel starts.)\n
      \n
      The “bunch of default applications and daemons” feels like three or four different items to me:\n
      \n
      - Systemd is an example of an “init system.” There are several available. OpenRC, Runit, etc. It’s main job is to manage/supervise the daemons. Ensure they’re running when they’re supposed to be. (I’ll mention quickly here that Systemd has a lot more functionality built in than just for managing daemons and gets a bad rap for it. Network configuration, cron, dbus for communication between processes, etc. But it still probably qualifies as “an init system.” Just not *just* an init system.)\n
      - Daemons are programs that kindof run in the background and handle various things.\n
      - Coreutils are probably something I’d list separately from user applications. Coreutils are mostly for interacting with low-ish level things. Formatting filesystems. Basic shell commands. Things like that.\n
      - User applications are the programs that you run on demand and interact with. Terminal emulators, browsers compilers, things like that. (I’ll admit the line between coreutils and user applications might be a little fuzzy.)\n
      \n
      As for your question about graphical systems, X11 and Wayland work a little differently. X11 is a graphical system that technically can be run without a desktop environment or window manager, but it’s pretty limited without one. The DE/WM runs as one or more separate processes communicating with X11 to add functionality like a taskbar, window decorations, the ability to have two or more separate windows and move them around and switch between them, etc. A Wayland “compositor” is generally the same process handling everything X11 would handle *plus* everything the DE/WM would handle. (Except for the Weston compositor that uses different “shells” for DE/WM kind of functionality.)\n
      \n
      As far as things that might be missing from your list, I’ll mention the initrd/initramfs. Typically, the way things are done, when the Linux kernel is first loaded by the bootloader, it an “initial ramdisk” is also loaded. Basically, it creates a filesystem that lives only in ram and populates it from an archive file called an “initramfs”. (“initrd” is the older way to do the same thing.) Sometimes the initramfs is bundled into the same file as the kernel itself. But, that initial ramdisk provides an initial set of tools necessary to load the “main” root filesystem. The initramfs can also do some cool things like handling full disk encryption.\n
      \n
      So, the whole list of typical components for a PC-installed Linux system to be interacted with directly as *I’d* personally construct it would be something like:\n
      \n
      - Bootloader\n
      - Linux Kernel\n
      - Initramfs\n
      - Filesystem(s)\n
      - Shell(s)\n
      - Init system\n
      - Daemons\n
      - Coreutils\n
      - Graphical system (X11 or Wayland potentially with a DE/WM.)\n
      - User applications\n
      - Package manager\n
      \n
      But techinically, you could have a functional, working “Linux system” with just:\n
      \n
      - Bootloader\n
      - Linux Kernel\n
      - Either a nonvolatile filesystem or initrd/initramfs (and I’m not 100% sure this one is even strictly necessary)\n
      - A PID 1 process\n
      \n
      Hopefully this all helps and answers your questions! Never stop learning. :D
      """
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  +body: "You would need some non volatile storage to hold your bootloader be that on the network or local. Also any shell more complicated than tty will need to store config files to run."
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      +name: "linux@lemmy.ml"
      +title: "linux"
      +description: """
        From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n
        \n
        Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).\n
        \n
        Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word “Linux” in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.\n
        \n
        ### Rules\n
        \n
        - Posts must be relevant to operating systems running the Linux kernel. GNU/Linux or otherwise.\n
        - No misinformation\n
        - No NSFW content\n
        - No hate speech, bigotry, etc\n
        \n
        ### Related Communities\n
        \n
        - [!opensource@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/opensource)\n
        - [!libre_culture@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_culture)\n
        - [!technology@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/technology)\n
        - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
        \n
        Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
        """
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    +slug: "What-are-the-major-components-of-any-Linux-distribution"
    +title: "What are the major components of any Linux distribution?"
    +url: null
    +body: """
      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
      1. the Linux Kernel\n
      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
      4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
      5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
      6. a bunch of Default applications and daemons (is this where systemd fits int? I know about the GNU tools, SAMBA, CUPS, etc…)\n
      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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    +body: """
      Hey! Great questions.\n
      \n
      It seems like what you’re asking about are more what I’d think of as components of an a Linux “system” or “install.”\n
      \n
      First off, it’s definitely worth saying that there aren’t a lot of rules that would apply to “all” Linux systems. Linux is huge in embedded systems, for instance, and it’s not terribly uncommon to find embedded Linux systems with no shells, no DE/WM, and no package manager. (I’m not 100% sure a filesystem is technically necessary. If it is, you can probably get away with something that’s… *kinda sorta* a filesystem. But I’ll get to that.)\n
      \n
      Also, it’s very common to find “headless” systems without any graphical system whatsoever. Just text-mode. These are usually either servers that are intended to be interacted with over a network or embedded systems without screens. But there are a lot of them in the wild.\n
      \n
      There’s also Linux From Scratch. You can decide for yourself whether it qualifies as a “distribution”, but it’s a way of running Linux on (typically) a PC (including things like DE’s) without a package manager.\n
      \n
      All that I’d say are *truly* necessary for *all* Linux systems are 1) a bootloader, 2) a Linux kernel, 3) A PID 1 process which may or may not be an init system. (The “PID 1 process” is just the first process that is run by the Linux kernel after the kernel starts.)\n
      \n
      The “bunch of default applications and daemons” feels like three or four different items to me:\n
      \n
      - Systemd is an example of an “init system.” There are several available. OpenRC, Runit, etc. It’s main job is to manage/supervise the daemons. Ensure they’re running when they’re supposed to be. (I’ll mention quickly here that Systemd has a lot more functionality built in than just for managing daemons and gets a bad rap for it. Network configuration, cron, dbus for communication between processes, etc. But it still probably qualifies as “an init system.” Just not *just* an init system.)\n
      - Daemons are programs that kindof run in the background and handle various things.\n
      - Coreutils are probably something I’d list separately from user applications. Coreutils are mostly for interacting with low-ish level things. Formatting filesystems. Basic shell commands. Things like that.\n
      - User applications are the programs that you run on demand and interact with. Terminal emulators, browsers compilers, things like that. (I’ll admit the line between coreutils and user applications might be a little fuzzy.)\n
      \n
      As for your question about graphical systems, X11 and Wayland work a little differently. X11 is a graphical system that technically can be run without a desktop environment or window manager, but it’s pretty limited without one. The DE/WM runs as one or more separate processes communicating with X11 to add functionality like a taskbar, window decorations, the ability to have two or more separate windows and move them around and switch between them, etc. A Wayland “compositor” is generally the same process handling everything X11 would handle *plus* everything the DE/WM would handle. (Except for the Weston compositor that uses different “shells” for DE/WM kind of functionality.)\n
      \n
      As far as things that might be missing from your list, I’ll mention the initrd/initramfs. Typically, the way things are done, when the Linux kernel is first loaded by the bootloader, it an “initial ramdisk” is also loaded. Basically, it creates a filesystem that lives only in ram and populates it from an archive file called an “initramfs”. (“initrd” is the older way to do the same thing.) Sometimes the initramfs is bundled into the same file as the kernel itself. But, that initial ramdisk provides an initial set of tools necessary to load the “main” root filesystem. The initramfs can also do some cool things like handling full disk encryption.\n
      \n
      So, the whole list of typical components for a PC-installed Linux system to be interacted with directly as *I’d* personally construct it would be something like:\n
      \n
      - Bootloader\n
      - Linux Kernel\n
      - Initramfs\n
      - Filesystem(s)\n
      - Shell(s)\n
      - Init system\n
      - Daemons\n
      - Coreutils\n
      - Graphical system (X11 or Wayland potentially with a DE/WM.)\n
      - User applications\n
      - Package manager\n
      \n
      But techinically, you could have a functional, working “Linux system” with just:\n
      \n
      - Bootloader\n
      - Linux Kernel\n
      - Either a nonvolatile filesystem or initrd/initramfs (and I’m not 100% sure this one is even strictly necessary)\n
      - A PID 1 process\n
      \n
      Hopefully this all helps and answers your questions! Never stop learning. :D
      """
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      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
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    - a communication mechanism (dbus, networking, web server, etc)\n
    - something that decides if the application runs or not (systemd, monit, docker/docker compose, kubernetes scheduler, or you as the user)\n
    - a way of accepting input (keyboard and mouse, web requests, database queries, etc)\n
    - a way of delivering an output (logging to unique log files, through syslog, or to stdout/stderr, showing something on a screen, playing a sound, returning a message to the client, etc)\n
    - storage (optional)\n
    - some cpu and memory capacity\n
    \n
    That’s really it. If something isn’t working, it’s pretty much exclusively going to fall into one of those categories. What that means is going to vary significantly from app to app but understanding this is how literally everything works makes the troubleshooting process a lot easier.
    """
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        \n
        Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).\n
        \n
        Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word “Linux” in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.\n
        \n
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        \n
        - Posts must be relevant to operating systems running the Linux kernel. GNU/Linux or otherwise.\n
        - No misinformation\n
        - No NSFW content\n
        - No hate speech, bigotry, etc\n
        \n
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        \n
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        - [!libre_culture@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_culture)\n
        - [!technology@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/technology)\n
        - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
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        Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
        """
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    +slug: "What-are-the-major-components-of-any-Linux-distribution"
    +title: "What are the major components of any Linux distribution?"
    +url: null
    +body: """
      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
      1. the Linux Kernel\n
      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
      4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
      5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
      6. a bunch of Default applications and daemons (is this where systemd fits int? I know about the GNU tools, SAMBA, CUPS, etc…)\n
      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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  +body: """
    I don’t know how helpful it is to split stuff out like that. Especially grouping so many things under “default applications and daemons”, which is most of what a desktop distro is. Also depends largely on a PC vs server setup.\n
    \n
    should list an init system as its own bullet, which others have mentioned.\n
    \n
    “one or more shells” doesn’t mean that much. Yes, every distro includes one but the only difference between a terminal and any other application is that a terminal needs to be able to escalate to root privileges. You can think of it as just another default (but special) application. A lot of stuff that people think about when they think of Linux distros is just various clever mechanisms for supporting the terminal shell. Like the PATH environment variable. If you are using actual desktop applications other than a terminal, there isn’t any interaction with the terminal shell application.\n
    \n
    There’s also fwupd, for updating firmware (your hardware is gonna be running out of date/buggy/insecure code if you don’t have this).\n
    \n
    The dbus daemon falls under the “daemons” bullet but it’s pretty important, like wayland/x11 it’s another IPC mechanism you need for programs to work correctly.\n
    \n
    There’s also the sound system. PipeWire is the modern one that implements the interfaces of various other sound systems so existing applications work with it. [pipewire.org](https://pipewire.org/) (PipeWire also has its own IPC protocol like dbus/wayland/x11).\n
    \n
    flatpak, snap, distrobox, toolbox, docker, podman, etc. for running sandboxed PC/server applications. I assume there are some programs that are flatpak-only these days.\n
    \n
    gsettings/dconf for Windows-registry like config that many programs use.\n
    \n
    There’s also plugging in an implementation of the glibc Name Service Switch, which allows libc to use a mechanism other than /etc/passwd and related files for user accounts, internet service names, DNS resolution, etc. . systemd can provide NSS implementations using its own user account mechanism.
    """
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      +name: "linux@lemmy.ml"
      +title: "linux"
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        From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\n
        \n
        Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).\n
        \n
        Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word “Linux” in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.\n
        \n
        ### Rules\n
        \n
        - Posts must be relevant to operating systems running the Linux kernel. GNU/Linux or otherwise.\n
        - No misinformation\n
        - No NSFW content\n
        - No hate speech, bigotry, etc\n
        \n
        ### Related Communities\n
        \n
        - [!opensource@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/opensource)\n
        - [!libre_culture@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_culture)\n
        - [!technology@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/technology)\n
        - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
        \n
        Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
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    +slug: "What-are-the-major-components-of-any-Linux-distribution"
    +title: "What are the major components of any Linux distribution?"
    +url: null
    +body: """
      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
      1. the Linux Kernel\n
      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
      4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
      5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
      6. a bunch of Default applications and daemons (is this where systemd fits int? I know about the GNU tools, SAMBA, CUPS, etc…)\n
      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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    I don’t know how helpful it is to split stuff out like that. Especially grouping so many things under “default applications and daemons”, which is most of what a desktop distro is. Also depends largely on a PC vs server setup.\n
    \n
    should list an init system as its own bullet, which others have mentioned.\n
    \n
    “one or more shells” doesn’t mean that much. Yes, every distro includes one but the only difference between a terminal and any other application is that a terminal needs to be able to escalate to root privileges. You can think of it as just another default (but special) application. A lot of stuff that people think about when they think of Linux distros is just various clever mechanisms for supporting the terminal shell. Like the PATH environment variable. If you are using actual desktop applications other than a terminal, there isn’t any interaction with the terminal shell application.\n
    \n
    There’s also fwupd, for updating firmware (your hardware is gonna be running out of date/buggy/insecure code if you don’t have this).\n
    \n
    The dbus daemon falls under the “daemons” bullet but it’s pretty important, like wayland/x11 it’s another IPC mechanism you need for programs to work correctly.\n
    \n
    There’s also the sound system. PipeWire is the modern one that implements the interfaces of various other sound systems so existing applications work with it. [pipewire.org](https://pipewire.org/) (PipeWire also has its own IPC protocol like dbus/wayland/x11).\n
    \n
    flatpak, snap, distrobox, toolbox, docker, podman, etc. for running sandboxed PC/server applications. I assume there are some programs that are flatpak-only these days.\n
    \n
    gsettings/dconf for Windows-registry like config that many programs use.\n
    \n
    There’s also plugging in an implementation of the glibc Name Service Switch, which allows libc to use a mechanism other than /etc/passwd and related files for user accounts, internet service names, DNS resolution, etc. . systemd can provide NSS implementations using its own user account mechanism.
    """
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        \n
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        \n
        Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word “Linux” in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.\n
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        - No NSFW content\n
        - No hate speech, bigotry, etc\n
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      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
      1. the Linux Kernel\n
      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
      4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
      5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
      6. a bunch of Default applications and daemons (is this where systemd fits int? I know about the GNU tools, SAMBA, CUPS, etc…)\n
      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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  +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#265}
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  +body: """
    I don’t know how helpful it is to split stuff out like that. Especially grouping so many things under “default applications and daemons”, which is most of what a desktop distro is. Also depends largely on a PC vs server setup.\n
    \n
    should list an init system as its own bullet, which others have mentioned.\n
    \n
    “one or more shells” doesn’t mean that much. Yes, every distro includes one but the only difference between a terminal and any other application is that a terminal needs to be able to escalate to root privileges. You can think of it as just another default (but special) application. A lot of stuff that people think about when they think of Linux distros is just various clever mechanisms for supporting the terminal shell. Like the PATH environment variable. If you are using actual desktop applications other than a terminal, there isn’t any interaction with the terminal shell application.\n
    \n
    There’s also fwupd, for updating firmware (your hardware is gonna be running out of date/buggy/insecure code if you don’t have this).\n
    \n
    The dbus daemon falls under the “daemons” bullet but it’s pretty important, like wayland/x11 it’s another IPC mechanism you need for programs to work correctly.\n
    \n
    There’s also the sound system. PipeWire is the modern one that implements the interfaces of various other sound systems so existing applications work with it. [pipewire.org](https://pipewire.org/) (PipeWire also has its own IPC protocol like dbus/wayland/x11).\n
    \n
    flatpak, snap, distrobox, toolbox, docker, podman, etc. for running sandboxed PC/server applications. I assume there are some programs that are flatpak-only these days.\n
    \n
    gsettings/dconf for Windows-registry like config that many programs use.\n
    \n
    There’s also plugging in an implementation of the glibc Name Service Switch, which allows libc to use a mechanism other than /etc/passwd and related files for user accounts, internet service names, DNS resolution, etc. . systemd can provide NSS implementations using its own user account mechanism.
    """
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        \n
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        \n
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        \n
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        - No misinformation\n
        - No NSFW content\n
        - No hate speech, bigotry, etc\n
        \n
        ### Related Communities\n
        \n
        - [!opensource@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/opensource)\n
        - [!libre_culture@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_culture)\n
        - [!technology@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/technology)\n
        - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
        \n
        Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
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      Hi all - I am learning about Linux and want to see if my understanding is correct on this - the list of *major parts* of any distro:\n
      \n
      1. the Linux Kernel\n
      2. GRUB or another bootloader\n
      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
      4. one or more Shells (the terminal - bash, zsh, etc…)\n
      5. a Desktop Environment (the GUI, if included, like KDE or Gnome - does this include X11 or Wayland or are those separate from the DE?)\n
      6. a bunch of Default applications and daemons (is this where systemd fits int? I know about the GNU tools, SAMBA, CUPS, etc…)\n
      7. a Package Manager (apt, pacman, etc…)\n
      \n
      Am I forgetting anything at this 50,000 foot level? I know there are lots of other things we can add, but what are the most important things that ALL Linux distributions include?\n
      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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      \n
      Thanks!
      """
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    Honestly, I wouldn't worry too much about how the OS works. If you're very ambitious, you could try to install Arch in a virtual machine environment: [https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Installation_guide](https://wiki.archlinux.org/title/Installation_guide)\n
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      3. one or more file systems (gotta work with files somehow, right?)\n
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      \n
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    A biggie you miss is the toolchain: the compiler/binutils/linux-headers/libc/libstdc++ combination. The libc and usually libstdc++ are key components of any install. The other parts usually don't make it to non-dev-desktops, but the distro couldn't be made without them, so they're virtually always available as packages.\n
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    Only exception is if the entire distro is cross-compiled or it's made exclusively for containers, but those kinds of special distros break every rule imaginable anyway. Some might not even ship a bootloader or a Linux kernel by themselves.
    """
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    - [!technology@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/technology)\n
    - [!libre_hardware@lemmy.ml](https://lemmy.ml/c/libre_hardware)\n
    \n
    Community icon by [Alpár-Etele Méder](https://www.iconfinder.com/pocike), licensed under [CC BY 3.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/)
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