GET https://kbin.spritesserver.nl/index.php/m/science_memes@mander.xyz/t/21736/how-is-pragent-formed/comment/218337/votes/up

Response
200 OK
IP
216.73.216.56
Profiled on
Token
c3f8a9

Security

Token

There is no security token.

Firewall

main Name
Security enabled
Stateless

Configuration

Key Value
provider security.user.provider.concrete.app_user_provider
context main
entry_point App\Security\KbinAuthenticator
user_checker App\Security\UserChecker
access_denied_handler (none)
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authenticators 
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Listeners

Listener Duration Response 
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Authenticators

No authenticators have been recorded. Check previous profiles on your authentication endpoint.

Access Decision

affirmative Strategy
# Voter class
1 
"Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authorization\Voter\AuthenticatedVoter"
2 
"Scheb\TwoFactorBundle\Security\Authorization\Voter\TwoFactorInProgressVoter"
3 
"Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authorization\Voter\RoleHierarchyVoter"
4 
"Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authorization\Voter\ExpressionVoter"
5 
"App\Security\Voter\EntryCommentVoter"
6 
"App\Security\Voter\EntryVoter"
7 
"App\Security\Voter\MagazineVoter"
8 
"App\Security\Voter\MessageThreadVoter"
9 
"App\Security\Voter\MessageVoter"
10 
"App\Security\Voter\NotificationVoter"
11 
"App\Security\Voter\OAuth2UserConsentVoter"
12 
"App\Security\Voter\PostCommentVoter"
13 
"App\Security\Voter\PostVoter"
14 
"App\Security\Voter\UserVoter"

Access decision log

# Result Attributes Object
1 DENIED ROLE_USER 
null
 
"Scheb\TwoFactorBundle\Security\Authorization\Voter\TwoFactorInProgressVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authorization\Voter\RoleHierarchyVoter"
 ACCESS DENIED 
"App\Security\Voter\EntryCommentVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\EntryVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\MagazineVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\MessageThreadVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\MessageVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\NotificationVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\OAuth2UserConsentVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\PostCommentVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\PostVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\UserVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN
Show voter details
2 DENIED moderate 
App\Entity\EntryComment {#1378
  +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1371 …}
  +entry: App\Entity\Entry {#1856 …}
  +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#312
    +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#293 …}
    +name: "science_memes@mander.xyz"
    +title: "science_memes"
    +description: """
      Welcome to c/science_memes @ Mander.xyz!\n
      =========================================\n
      \n
      > A place for majestic STEMLORD peacocking, as well as memes about the realities of working in a lab.\n
      \n
      ![](https://mander.xyz/pictrs/image/139561f5-2f4d-48a6-aef0-65943d6d97d3.png)\n
      \n
      ---\n
      \n
      ---\n
      \n
      **Rules**\n
      \n
      1. Don’t throw mud. Behave like an intellectual and remember the human.\n
      2. Keep it rooted (on topic).\n
      3. No spam.\n
      4. Infographics welcome, get schooled.\n
      \n
      ---\n
      \n
      ---\n
      \n
      Research Committee\n
      ------------------\n
      \n
      - [!spiders@lemmy.world](/c/spiders@lemmy.world)\n
      \n
      Other Mander Communities\n
      ------------------------\n
      \n
      ### Science and Research\n
      \n
      - [!academia@mander.xyz](/c/academia@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!science@mander.xyz](/c/science@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!scicomm@mander.xyz](/c/scicomm@mander.xyz)\n
      \n
      ### Biology and Life Sciences\n
      \n
      - [!abiogenesis@mander.xyz](/c/abiogenesis@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!animal-behavior@mander.xyz](/c/animal-behavior@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!anthropology@mander.xyz](/c/anthropology@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!arachnology@mander.xyz](/c/arachnology@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!balconygardening@slrpnk.net](/c/balconygardening@slrpnk.net)\n
      - [!biodiversity@mander.xyz](/c/biodiversity@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!biology@mander.xyz](/c/biology@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!biophysics@mander.xyz](/c/biophysics@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!botany@mander.xyz](/c/botany@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!ecology@mander.xyz](/c/ecology@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!entomology@mander.xyz](/c/entomology@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!fermentation@mander.xyz](/c/fermentation@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!herpetology@mander.xyz](/c/herpetology@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!houseplants@mander.xyz](/c/houseplants@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!medicine@mander.xyz](/c/medicine@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!microscopy@mander.xyz](/c/microscopy@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!mycology@mander.xyz](/c/mycology@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!nudibranchs@mander.xyz](/c/nudibranchs@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!nutrition@mander.xyz](/c/nutrition@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!palaeoecology@mander.xyz](/c/palaeoecology@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!palaeontology@mander.xyz](/c/palaeontology@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!photosynthesis@mander.xyz](/c/photosynthesis@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!plantid@mander.xyz](/c/plantid@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!plants@mander.xyz](/c/plants@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!reptiles and amphibians@mander.xyz](/c/herpetology@mander.xyz)\n
      \n
      ### Physical Sciences\n
      \n
      - [!astronomy@mander.xyz](/c/astronomy@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!chemistry@mander.xyz](/c/chemistry@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!earthscience@mander.xyz](/c/earthscience@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!geography@mander.xyz](/c/geography@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!geospatial@mander.xyz](/c/geospatial@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!nuclear@mander.xyz](/c/nuclear@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!physics@mander.xyz](/c/physics@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!quantum-computing@mander.xyz](/c/qubits@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!spectroscopy@mander.xyz](/c/spectroscopy@mander.xyz)\n
      \n
      ### Humanities and Social Sciences\n
      \n
      - [!archaeology@mander.xyz](/c/archaeology@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!folklore@mander.xyz](/c/folklore@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!history@mander.xyz](/c/history@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!old_maps@mander.xyz](/c/old_maps@mander.xyz)\n
      \n
      ### Practical and Applied Sciences\n
      \n
      - [!exercise-and sports-science@mander.xyz](/c/sports_science@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!gardening@mander.xyz](/c/gardening@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!self sufficiency@mander.xyz](/c/self-sufficiency@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!soilscience@slrpnk.net](/c/soilscience@slrpnk.net)\n
      - [!terrariums@mander.xyz](/c/terrariums@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!timelapse@mander.xyz](/c/timelapse@mander.xyz)\n
      \n
      ### Memes\n
      \n
      - [!bushrat_confidential@slrpnk.net](/c/bushrat_confidential@slrpnk.net)\n
      - [!science_memes@mander.xyz](/c/science_memes@mander.xyz)\n
      \n
      ### Miscellaneous\n
      \n
      - [!answered@mander.xyz](/c/answered@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!mander@mander.xyz](/c/mander@mander.xyz)
      """
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      date: 2023-10-13 09:02:33.0 +02:00
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  +image: null
  +parent: null
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  +body: """
    I’m going to have to object. We don’t use “false positive” and “false negative” as synonyms for Type I and Type II error because they’re not the same thing. The difference is at the heart of the [misuse of p-values](https://library.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/ft/gg/GG_Null_2004.pdf) by so many researchers, and the root of the so-called replication crisis.\n
    \n
    Type I error is the risk of falsely concluding that the quantities being compared are meaningfully different *when they are not, in fact, meaningfully different*. Type II error is the risk of falsely concluding that they are essentially equivalent *when they are not, in fact, essentially equivalent*. Both are conditional probabilities; you can only get a Type I error when the things are, in truth, essentially equivalent and you can only get a Type II error when they are, in truth, meaningfully different. We define Type I and Type II errors as part of the design of a trial. We cannot calculate the risk of a false positive or a false negative without knowing the probability that the two things are meaningfully different.\n
    \n
    This may be a little easier to follow with an example:\n
    \n
    Let’s say we have designed an RCT to compare two treatments with Type I error of 0.05 (95% confidence) and Type II error of 0.1 (90% power). Let’s also say that this is the first large phase 3 trial of a promising drug and we know from experience with thousands of similar trials in this context that the new drug will turn out to be meaningfully different from control around 10% of the time.\n
    \n
    So, in 1000 trials of this sort, 100 trials will be comparing drugs which are meaningfully different and we will get a false negative for 10 of them (because we only have 90% power). 900 trials will be comparing drugs which are essentially equivalent and we will get a false positive for 45 of them (because we only have 95% confidence).\n
    \n
    The false positive rate is 45/135 (33.3%), nowhere near the 5% Type I error we designed the trial with.\n
    \n
    Statisticians are awful at naming things. But there is a reason we don’t give these error rates the nice, intuitive names you’d expect. Unfortunately we’re also awful at explaining things properly, so the misunderstanding has persisted anyway.\n
    \n
    This is a useful page which runs through much the same ideas as the paper linked above but in simpler terms: [The p value and the base rate fallacy](https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/p-value.html)\n
    \n
    And this paper tries to rescue p-values from oblivion by calling for 0.005 to replace the usual 0.05 threshold for alpha: [Redefine statistical significance](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-017-0189-z.pdf).
    """
  +lang: "en"
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  +score: 0
  +lastActive: DateTime @1702392884 {#1769
    date: 2023-12-12 15:54:44.0 +01:00
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  +ip: null
  +tags: null
  +mentions: [
    "@fossilesque@mander.xyz"
  ]
  +children: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1375 …}
  +nested: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1400 …}
  +votes: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#2428 …}
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  -id: 218337
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  +editedAt: DateTimeImmutable @1704038091 {#1969
    date: 2023-12-31 16:54:51.0 +01:00
  }
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    date: 2023-12-12 15:54:44.0 +01:00
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"Scheb\TwoFactorBundle\Security\Authorization\Voter\TwoFactorInProgressVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\EntryCommentVoter"
 ACCESS DENIED 
"App\Security\Voter\EntryVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\MagazineVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\MessageThreadVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\MessageVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\NotificationVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\OAuth2UserConsentVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\PostCommentVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\PostVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN 
"App\Security\Voter\UserVoter"
 ACCESS ABSTAIN
Show voter details
3 DENIED edit 
App\Entity\EntryComment {#1378
  +user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1371 …}
  +entry: App\Entity\Entry {#1856 …}
  +magazine: App\Entity\Magazine {#312
    +icon: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\Image {#293 …}
    +name: "science_memes@mander.xyz"
    +title: "science_memes"
    +description: """
      Welcome to c/science_memes @ Mander.xyz!\n
      =========================================\n
      \n
      > A place for majestic STEMLORD peacocking, as well as memes about the realities of working in a lab.\n
      \n
      ![](https://mander.xyz/pictrs/image/139561f5-2f4d-48a6-aef0-65943d6d97d3.png)\n
      \n
      ---\n
      \n
      ---\n
      \n
      **Rules**\n
      \n
      1. Don’t throw mud. Behave like an intellectual and remember the human.\n
      2. Keep it rooted (on topic).\n
      3. No spam.\n
      4. Infographics welcome, get schooled.\n
      \n
      ---\n
      \n
      ---\n
      \n
      Research Committee\n
      ------------------\n
      \n
      - [!spiders@lemmy.world](/c/spiders@lemmy.world)\n
      \n
      Other Mander Communities\n
      ------------------------\n
      \n
      ### Science and Research\n
      \n
      - [!academia@mander.xyz](/c/academia@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!science@mander.xyz](/c/science@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!scicomm@mander.xyz](/c/scicomm@mander.xyz)\n
      \n
      ### Biology and Life Sciences\n
      \n
      - [!abiogenesis@mander.xyz](/c/abiogenesis@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!animal-behavior@mander.xyz](/c/animal-behavior@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!anthropology@mander.xyz](/c/anthropology@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!arachnology@mander.xyz](/c/arachnology@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!balconygardening@slrpnk.net](/c/balconygardening@slrpnk.net)\n
      - [!biodiversity@mander.xyz](/c/biodiversity@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!biology@mander.xyz](/c/biology@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!biophysics@mander.xyz](/c/biophysics@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!botany@mander.xyz](/c/botany@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!ecology@mander.xyz](/c/ecology@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!entomology@mander.xyz](/c/entomology@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!fermentation@mander.xyz](/c/fermentation@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!herpetology@mander.xyz](/c/herpetology@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!houseplants@mander.xyz](/c/houseplants@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!medicine@mander.xyz](/c/medicine@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!microscopy@mander.xyz](/c/microscopy@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!mycology@mander.xyz](/c/mycology@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!nudibranchs@mander.xyz](/c/nudibranchs@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!nutrition@mander.xyz](/c/nutrition@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!palaeoecology@mander.xyz](/c/palaeoecology@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!palaeontology@mander.xyz](/c/palaeontology@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!photosynthesis@mander.xyz](/c/photosynthesis@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!plantid@mander.xyz](/c/plantid@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!plants@mander.xyz](/c/plants@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!reptiles and amphibians@mander.xyz](/c/herpetology@mander.xyz)\n
      \n
      ### Physical Sciences\n
      \n
      - [!astronomy@mander.xyz](/c/astronomy@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!chemistry@mander.xyz](/c/chemistry@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!earthscience@mander.xyz](/c/earthscience@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!geography@mander.xyz](/c/geography@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!geospatial@mander.xyz](/c/geospatial@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!nuclear@mander.xyz](/c/nuclear@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!physics@mander.xyz](/c/physics@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!quantum-computing@mander.xyz](/c/qubits@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!spectroscopy@mander.xyz](/c/spectroscopy@mander.xyz)\n
      \n
      ### Humanities and Social Sciences\n
      \n
      - [!archaeology@mander.xyz](/c/archaeology@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!folklore@mander.xyz](/c/folklore@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!history@mander.xyz](/c/history@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!old_maps@mander.xyz](/c/old_maps@mander.xyz)\n
      \n
      ### Practical and Applied Sciences\n
      \n
      - [!exercise-and sports-science@mander.xyz](/c/sports_science@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!gardening@mander.xyz](/c/gardening@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!self sufficiency@mander.xyz](/c/self-sufficiency@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!soilscience@slrpnk.net](/c/soilscience@slrpnk.net)\n
      - [!terrariums@mander.xyz](/c/terrariums@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!timelapse@mander.xyz](/c/timelapse@mander.xyz)\n
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      ### Memes\n
      \n
      - [!bushrat_confidential@slrpnk.net](/c/bushrat_confidential@slrpnk.net)\n
      - [!science_memes@mander.xyz](/c/science_memes@mander.xyz)\n
      \n
      ### Miscellaneous\n
      \n
      - [!answered@mander.xyz](/c/answered@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!mander@mander.xyz](/c/mander@mander.xyz)
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    I’m going to have to object. We don’t use “false positive” and “false negative” as synonyms for Type I and Type II error because they’re not the same thing. The difference is at the heart of the [misuse of p-values](https://library.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/ft/gg/GG_Null_2004.pdf) by so many researchers, and the root of the so-called replication crisis.\n
    \n
    Type I error is the risk of falsely concluding that the quantities being compared are meaningfully different *when they are not, in fact, meaningfully different*. Type II error is the risk of falsely concluding that they are essentially equivalent *when they are not, in fact, essentially equivalent*. Both are conditional probabilities; you can only get a Type I error when the things are, in truth, essentially equivalent and you can only get a Type II error when they are, in truth, meaningfully different. We define Type I and Type II errors as part of the design of a trial. We cannot calculate the risk of a false positive or a false negative without knowing the probability that the two things are meaningfully different.\n
    \n
    This may be a little easier to follow with an example:\n
    \n
    Let’s say we have designed an RCT to compare two treatments with Type I error of 0.05 (95% confidence) and Type II error of 0.1 (90% power). Let’s also say that this is the first large phase 3 trial of a promising drug and we know from experience with thousands of similar trials in this context that the new drug will turn out to be meaningfully different from control around 10% of the time.\n
    \n
    So, in 1000 trials of this sort, 100 trials will be comparing drugs which are meaningfully different and we will get a false negative for 10 of them (because we only have 90% power). 900 trials will be comparing drugs which are essentially equivalent and we will get a false positive for 45 of them (because we only have 95% confidence).\n
    \n
    The false positive rate is 45/135 (33.3%), nowhere near the 5% Type I error we designed the trial with.\n
    \n
    Statisticians are awful at naming things. But there is a reason we don’t give these error rates the nice, intuitive names you’d expect. Unfortunately we’re also awful at explaining things properly, so the misunderstanding has persisted anyway.\n
    \n
    This is a useful page which runs through much the same ideas as the paper linked above but in simpler terms: [The p value and the base rate fallacy](https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/p-value.html)\n
    \n
    And this paper tries to rescue p-values from oblivion by calling for 0.005 to replace the usual 0.05 threshold for alpha: [Redefine statistical significance](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-017-0189-z.pdf).
    """
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      Welcome to c/science_memes @ Mander.xyz!\n
      =========================================\n
      \n
      > A place for majestic STEMLORD peacocking, as well as memes about the realities of working in a lab.\n
      \n
      ![](https://mander.xyz/pictrs/image/139561f5-2f4d-48a6-aef0-65943d6d97d3.png)\n
      \n
      ---\n
      \n
      ---\n
      \n
      **Rules**\n
      \n
      1. Don’t throw mud. Behave like an intellectual and remember the human.\n
      2. Keep it rooted (on topic).\n
      3. No spam.\n
      4. Infographics welcome, get schooled.\n
      \n
      ---\n
      \n
      ---\n
      \n
      Research Committee\n
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      Other Mander Communities\n
      ------------------------\n
      \n
      ### Science and Research\n
      \n
      - [!academia@mander.xyz](/c/academia@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!science@mander.xyz](/c/science@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!scicomm@mander.xyz](/c/scicomm@mander.xyz)\n
      \n
      ### Biology and Life Sciences\n
      \n
      - [!abiogenesis@mander.xyz](/c/abiogenesis@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!animal-behavior@mander.xyz](/c/animal-behavior@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!anthropology@mander.xyz](/c/anthropology@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!arachnology@mander.xyz](/c/arachnology@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!balconygardening@slrpnk.net](/c/balconygardening@slrpnk.net)\n
      - [!biodiversity@mander.xyz](/c/biodiversity@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!biology@mander.xyz](/c/biology@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!biophysics@mander.xyz](/c/biophysics@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!botany@mander.xyz](/c/botany@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!ecology@mander.xyz](/c/ecology@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!entomology@mander.xyz](/c/entomology@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!fermentation@mander.xyz](/c/fermentation@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!herpetology@mander.xyz](/c/herpetology@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!houseplants@mander.xyz](/c/houseplants@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!medicine@mander.xyz](/c/medicine@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!microscopy@mander.xyz](/c/microscopy@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!mycology@mander.xyz](/c/mycology@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!nudibranchs@mander.xyz](/c/nudibranchs@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!nutrition@mander.xyz](/c/nutrition@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!palaeoecology@mander.xyz](/c/palaeoecology@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!palaeontology@mander.xyz](/c/palaeontology@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!photosynthesis@mander.xyz](/c/photosynthesis@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!plantid@mander.xyz](/c/plantid@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!plants@mander.xyz](/c/plants@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!reptiles and amphibians@mander.xyz](/c/herpetology@mander.xyz)\n
      \n
      ### Physical Sciences\n
      \n
      - [!astronomy@mander.xyz](/c/astronomy@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!chemistry@mander.xyz](/c/chemistry@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!earthscience@mander.xyz](/c/earthscience@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!geography@mander.xyz](/c/geography@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!geospatial@mander.xyz](/c/geospatial@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!nuclear@mander.xyz](/c/nuclear@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!physics@mander.xyz](/c/physics@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!quantum-computing@mander.xyz](/c/qubits@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!spectroscopy@mander.xyz](/c/spectroscopy@mander.xyz)\n
      \n
      ### Humanities and Social Sciences\n
      \n
      - [!archaeology@mander.xyz](/c/archaeology@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!folklore@mander.xyz](/c/folklore@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!history@mander.xyz](/c/history@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!old_maps@mander.xyz](/c/old_maps@mander.xyz)\n
      \n
      ### Practical and Applied Sciences\n
      \n
      - [!exercise-and sports-science@mander.xyz](/c/sports_science@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!gardening@mander.xyz](/c/gardening@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!self sufficiency@mander.xyz](/c/self-sufficiency@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!soilscience@slrpnk.net](/c/soilscience@slrpnk.net)\n
      - [!terrariums@mander.xyz](/c/terrariums@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!timelapse@mander.xyz](/c/timelapse@mander.xyz)\n
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      ### Memes\n
      \n
      - [!bushrat_confidential@slrpnk.net](/c/bushrat_confidential@slrpnk.net)\n
      - [!science_memes@mander.xyz](/c/science_memes@mander.xyz)\n
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      \n
      - [!answered@mander.xyz](/c/answered@mander.xyz)\n
      - [!mander@mander.xyz](/c/mander@mander.xyz)
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    I’m going to have to object. We don’t use “false positive” and “false negative” as synonyms for Type I and Type II error because they’re not the same thing. The difference is at the heart of the [misuse of p-values](https://library.mpib-berlin.mpg.de/ft/gg/GG_Null_2004.pdf) by so many researchers, and the root of the so-called replication crisis.\n
    \n
    Type I error is the risk of falsely concluding that the quantities being compared are meaningfully different *when they are not, in fact, meaningfully different*. Type II error is the risk of falsely concluding that they are essentially equivalent *when they are not, in fact, essentially equivalent*. Both are conditional probabilities; you can only get a Type I error when the things are, in truth, essentially equivalent and you can only get a Type II error when they are, in truth, meaningfully different. We define Type I and Type II errors as part of the design of a trial. We cannot calculate the risk of a false positive or a false negative without knowing the probability that the two things are meaningfully different.\n
    \n
    This may be a little easier to follow with an example:\n
    \n
    Let’s say we have designed an RCT to compare two treatments with Type I error of 0.05 (95% confidence) and Type II error of 0.1 (90% power). Let’s also say that this is the first large phase 3 trial of a promising drug and we know from experience with thousands of similar trials in this context that the new drug will turn out to be meaningfully different from control around 10% of the time.\n
    \n
    So, in 1000 trials of this sort, 100 trials will be comparing drugs which are meaningfully different and we will get a false negative for 10 of them (because we only have 90% power). 900 trials will be comparing drugs which are essentially equivalent and we will get a false positive for 45 of them (because we only have 95% confidence).\n
    \n
    The false positive rate is 45/135 (33.3%), nowhere near the 5% Type I error we designed the trial with.\n
    \n
    Statisticians are awful at naming things. But there is a reason we don’t give these error rates the nice, intuitive names you’d expect. Unfortunately we’re also awful at explaining things properly, so the misunderstanding has persisted anyway.\n
    \n
    This is a useful page which runs through much the same ideas as the paper linked above but in simpler terms: [The p value and the base rate fallacy](https://www.statisticsdonewrong.com/p-value.html)\n
    \n
    And this paper tries to rescue p-values from oblivion by calling for 0.005 to replace the usual 0.05 threshold for alpha: [Redefine statistical significance](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-017-0189-z.pdf).
    """
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5 DENIED edit 
App\Entity\Magazine {#312
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  +name: "science_memes@mander.xyz"
  +title: "science_memes"
  +description: """
    Welcome to c/science_memes @ Mander.xyz!\n
    =========================================\n
    \n
    > A place for majestic STEMLORD peacocking, as well as memes about the realities of working in a lab.\n
    \n
    ![](https://mander.xyz/pictrs/image/139561f5-2f4d-48a6-aef0-65943d6d97d3.png)\n
    \n
    ---\n
    \n
    ---\n
    \n
    **Rules**\n
    \n
    1. Don’t throw mud. Behave like an intellectual and remember the human.\n
    2. Keep it rooted (on topic).\n
    3. No spam.\n
    4. Infographics welcome, get schooled.\n
    \n
    ---\n
    \n
    ---\n
    \n
    Research Committee\n
    ------------------\n
    \n
    - [!spiders@lemmy.world](/c/spiders@lemmy.world)\n
    \n
    Other Mander Communities\n
    ------------------------\n
    \n
    ### Science and Research\n
    \n
    - [!academia@mander.xyz](/c/academia@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!science@mander.xyz](/c/science@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!scicomm@mander.xyz](/c/scicomm@mander.xyz)\n
    \n
    ### Biology and Life Sciences\n
    \n
    - [!abiogenesis@mander.xyz](/c/abiogenesis@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!animal-behavior@mander.xyz](/c/animal-behavior@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!anthropology@mander.xyz](/c/anthropology@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!arachnology@mander.xyz](/c/arachnology@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!balconygardening@slrpnk.net](/c/balconygardening@slrpnk.net)\n
    - [!biodiversity@mander.xyz](/c/biodiversity@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!biology@mander.xyz](/c/biology@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!biophysics@mander.xyz](/c/biophysics@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!botany@mander.xyz](/c/botany@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!ecology@mander.xyz](/c/ecology@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!entomology@mander.xyz](/c/entomology@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!fermentation@mander.xyz](/c/fermentation@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!herpetology@mander.xyz](/c/herpetology@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!houseplants@mander.xyz](/c/houseplants@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!medicine@mander.xyz](/c/medicine@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!microscopy@mander.xyz](/c/microscopy@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!mycology@mander.xyz](/c/mycology@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!nudibranchs@mander.xyz](/c/nudibranchs@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!nutrition@mander.xyz](/c/nutrition@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!palaeoecology@mander.xyz](/c/palaeoecology@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!palaeontology@mander.xyz](/c/palaeontology@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!photosynthesis@mander.xyz](/c/photosynthesis@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!plantid@mander.xyz](/c/plantid@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!plants@mander.xyz](/c/plants@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!reptiles and amphibians@mander.xyz](/c/herpetology@mander.xyz)\n
    \n
    ### Physical Sciences\n
    \n
    - [!astronomy@mander.xyz](/c/astronomy@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!chemistry@mander.xyz](/c/chemistry@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!earthscience@mander.xyz](/c/earthscience@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!geography@mander.xyz](/c/geography@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!geospatial@mander.xyz](/c/geospatial@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!nuclear@mander.xyz](/c/nuclear@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!physics@mander.xyz](/c/physics@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!quantum-computing@mander.xyz](/c/qubits@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!spectroscopy@mander.xyz](/c/spectroscopy@mander.xyz)\n
    \n
    ### Humanities and Social Sciences\n
    \n
    - [!archaeology@mander.xyz](/c/archaeology@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!folklore@mander.xyz](/c/folklore@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!history@mander.xyz](/c/history@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!old_maps@mander.xyz](/c/old_maps@mander.xyz)\n
    \n
    ### Practical and Applied Sciences\n
    \n
    - [!exercise-and sports-science@mander.xyz](/c/sports_science@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!gardening@mander.xyz](/c/gardening@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!self sufficiency@mander.xyz](/c/self-sufficiency@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!soilscience@slrpnk.net](/c/soilscience@slrpnk.net)\n
    - [!terrariums@mander.xyz](/c/terrariums@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!timelapse@mander.xyz](/c/timelapse@mander.xyz)\n
    \n
    ### Memes\n
    \n
    - [!bushrat_confidential@slrpnk.net](/c/bushrat_confidential@slrpnk.net)\n
    - [!science_memes@mander.xyz](/c/science_memes@mander.xyz)\n
    \n
    ### Miscellaneous\n
    \n
    - [!answered@mander.xyz](/c/answered@mander.xyz)\n
    - [!mander@mander.xyz](/c/mander@mander.xyz)
    """
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