Both the title and the text of this article are painting with far too broad of a brush.
The evidence, from the remains of 24 individuals from two burial sites in the Peruvian Andes dating to between 9,000 and 6,500 years ago, suggests that wild potatoes and other root vegetables may have been a dominant source of nutrition before the shift to an agricultural lifestyle.
This was one study done on the remains of 24 people from one place. It’s only towards the last paragraphs that the author points that out, and even then it’s both soft-pedaled and linked in with western male biases.
While we still have a lot to learn about the vast varieties of human civilizations from 10k years ago, and while there are always massive cultural biases that need to be criticized and overcome, this is an example of the worst of scientific journalism. They take what’s an interesting study in a very narrow niche field, and instead of communicating it as such or saying how the work could be expanded, they write about it as if the author has managed to flip archeology on its head.
Just for starters, there’s almost never a single paper that changes everything. Science is a process of incremental progress with plenty of false starts and which undergoes constant revision. There’s a reason why it takes decades for a Nobel prize to be awarded - and those researchers are the ones who define and revolutionize their fields. The first author on this paper is a PhD student. I have no reason to question the soundness of their work, but the enthusiasm of the Guardian author (and the student’s advisor) is in excess of the meaningfulness of the study in a way that is frankly gravely concerning.
Some societies were primarily hunters. Some were gatherers. Many never became agricultural societies. Many did. Rather than throwing out every anthropology textbook because of a single paper written by a student from the University of Wyoming based on an analysis of 24 remains from a specific region of the Andes, it would be better to say “Hmm, that’s interesting - I wonder if that applied more broadly to the region,” or even “I wonder how many other regions depended largely on wild tubers.”
For better and for worse, humans (and I mean that term to be inclusive of species other than H sapiens as well) populated almost every ecosystem across the planet. They hunted and gathered and planted and raised livestock. There are fascinating interactions between the modes of subsistence of a culture and cultural norms from family relations to trade and war. In many cases the ecosystems they lived in don’t resemble what we see in those regions today, from weather patterns to flora and fauna. There’s less than no reason to think that populations living in wildly different ecosystems would resemble one another - they simply did not.
I’m very happy that these folks ate a lot of potatoes, and I agree with the more general observation that conventional wisdom is mostly wrong about many things, ranging from evolutionary biology to theoretical physics. I just wouldn’t ride too far on this particular horse.
Are they saying that the initial spread of millet was the sticky variety, and the non-sticky variant was created locally by people favoring bread? Or did the non-sticky variant spread first, and the sticky variant arose later but only replaced the earlier variant where people preferred porridge?
Hadrian was a big fan of this sort of large, public project. Besides the aqueduct there’s also Hadrian’s Wall (right at the border of Rome with the Picts, in Britannia) and the temple for Venus and Roma in the city.
Although… what interested me the most in the article wasn’t this sort of modern stuff, it was
the remains [in Greece] of a prehistoric settlement thought to be from the Bronze Age, roughly 2600 to 2300 B.C.
That’s an interesting period of the peninsula, as it was likely already Indo-Europeanised, but not Hellenised. Proto-Greek would be a bit after that, starting around 2200 BCE; but you already had Illyrian, Messapic, Thracian, Dacian, and perhaps Phrygian. (It’s kind of hard to know if they’re part of the same IE branch, or if similarities between them are areal. Greek in special borrowed quite a bit from native languages.)
The settlement is right at the border of what would be controlled by the Inca government, two millenniums later. It shows that there’s some decent access to the region from the west than you’d be led to believe, with the Andes in the way.
As such, if they find other cities further east, I’m predicting that, culturally speaking, they’ll resemble nothing this one; even if they happen to be roughly the same size.
People ate maize and sweet potato, and probably drank “chicha”, a type of sweet beer.
“If you don’t have chicha, any small thing will do.” (reference to a certain song)
Serious now. Potentially yucca too - it grows right next door, and if they got maize from North America then they likely traded for crops.
Thats what happens to a city taken back by nature and lying undisturbed for 500+ years… there is a reason why the only preserved Roman ruin cities are in the Sahara or next to the Mount Vesuvius
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