A spark arrester (sometimes spark arrestor) is any devices which prevents the emission of flammable debris from combustion sources, such as internal combustion engines, fireplaces, and wood burning stoves.
Spark arresters play a critical role in the prevention of wildland fire and ignition of explosive atmospheres. Consequently, their use is required by law in many jurisdictions worldwide.
Man: Ok, so, there’s absolutely no room for my suitcases in this car, the trunk has just enough room for a small woman’s purse, there’s no back seats and the engine takes up half the length of the car… oh and the phone only works when I’m standing outside the car.
Man continues: “So if you could send a taxi to pick me up, that would be terrific. No, I guess I didn’t need to tell you all of that, but this car phone is pretty neat, don’t you think? Yes. I’ll be waiting at the curb, I’m standing there now!”
Hello? Oh good, good, how are you? Yeah I’m just talking to you FROM MY CAR! Yeah I’m just on the side of the road right now on my car phone that’s connected to my car. Sorry, you can probably hear the traffic because I’m literally just standing on the sidewalk right now talking to you on the phone in my car. Oh goodness yes, a small fortune! But it’s worth it for all the business I do.
Reminds me of when I sold all those magazine subscriptions so I could win an IR messaging device, enabling me to send short text messages to other people with the same device from all the way across the room. What a revolution.
I took a photography class once where we developed our own black and white film. Getting the exposure just right while taking the shot, then processing the reel, then transferring the negatives was so tricky, especially when the subject lighting had a lot of dynamic range. Must have been a lot harder back then without all the optimized commercial chemistry supplies. But, perhaps this was a glass etching and not film?
I'm a bit skeptical because this "woman" wears a male clothing with a sword for men and a male hairstyle. Whoever wrote the caption, I guess, is unaware of this mismatch. The author is not a professional historian who underwent a scholarly training as such.
A complex question, and one I can only answer with limited knowledge of the subject. As far as I understand, it goes something like this:
In the 1500s in Japan, it became increasingly common for noblewomen to be armed and trained in the use of arms to fight in the constant wars of the period. During the long period of peace in the 1600s and 1700s and 1800s, it became less common, but remained acceptable for women to be trained in the use of arms for ritual/recreational purposes, but no longer for warfare. This picture was taken in the 1870s, the Meiji period, just as/before Japan adopted 19th century European standards, so this was the 'last hurrah' of armed women in Japan.
After this, traditional weaponry declined as a whole, to the point of samurai turning in their swords to the government, and in the 1930s, when Japan decided they wanted to reintroduce traditional swordsmanship to army officers, they had to stamp out cheap swords on an industrial scale because so many had been lost or destroyed since the Meiji-period.
The picture is of a samurai man. The hairstyle is Chonmage and he is wearing Hakama. Hakama may be worn by men or women and may resemble a skirt but male styles actually have two legs, like trousers- see aikido practitioners today.
No, samurai women did not usually carry swords in feudal Japan but they would carry daggers which were deadly enough, and they were taught and expected to fight , usually in a home defence capacity. If you have the stomach for it, the history of Nakano Takeko, from the very end of the samurai era, contemporaneous with this photo, shows a woman samurai fighting and dying in battle in manner equal to any man.
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