Shit, it’s $15 per person in Denver. An annual pass would work on me for sure. I have the zoo and the science museum but a girl can only afford so many memberships.
That nitrogen isn't really made available unless the plant has been turned into the soil as green manure at flower. Harvesting the bean crop (protein/nitrogen rich itself) leaves the soil about neutral, maybe somewhat depleted depending on how the field is cleared and prepped for the next planting. Also, there's research showing that some corn can fix some nitrogen itself on the slimy exudates of aerial roots.
That nitrogen is fixed inside root nodules on the root system of the bean plants. It's taken up by them immediately. It's not available to the corn or anything else growing nearby.
There is some priming for other non legumes 30-50 lb/ac (roughly 25 ppm). Not that much for N hungry plants but for general growth/an N starved system (forest Reclamation) that’s pretty reasonable
They really need to update that paper with some better information. That is what you get when you chronically underfund the extension services and all the best and brightest bail to private industry to make more money. I had to pull up the source material the article because my bullsit meter went off.
After reviewing the source material, you are 100% completely wrong :-)
First off the “transfer” of N from alfalfa to a grass was stated in the sourcing paper to be from mineralization of roots. Aka decomposing plant parts.
Perennial species often grow new roots and abandon older roots every year.
Alfalfa will abandon and regrow new roots after every cutting as the plant pulls carbohydrates from the roots to grow new stems and leaves.
The thing is that the grasses will do the exact same thing. Older roots die back and newer roots grow. So it’s more of mutual swapping of N rather than a one-sided legume being leaky.
The whole three sisters thing was an early crop rotation method. Not all together like as advertised.
Beans where grown first as they are shallow rooted and produce about 50% of the nitrogen they need. If they harvest 25% of the crop and till under the rest they have around around a 25% increase in a available N.
The next season is corn and pumpkins together. They are both heavy N feeders. They spaced out the corn a lot more than modern hybrids so the pumpkins had plenty of room to grow and shade out weeds. They unfortunately share the pest of cucumber beetle species (corn rootworm).
The next season they had to go back to beans to break the rootworm cycle.
Eventually other nutrients would become low (P,K, micros etc). Other pests and diseases would buildup. They would rotate onto new plots letting the old plots go fallow for a while.
The Europeans reported the three sisters methodwith some tribes in the northeast. The accounts are all very jumbled and contradictory. The tribes in New England also appear to have have been relatively new to growing. All three species were not found together in New England before the 1300’s. If they did grow them this way they could only do it one season in a location. They would have to change locations then next year.
Fundementally you can’t plant corn/pumpkins repeatedly without a break. It’s a mega attractant to the rootworm beetles which are endemic to North America. If they did not rotate they would have crop failures after only one season. Beans also have all sorts fungal and bacterial diseases. The only way they could control them is via rotation/fallowing.
What was done in mesoamerica for thousands of years was rotation. They were the ones that domesticated the three species and built large civilizations from the extra food availability. They grew bush and vine beans, corn, and pumpkins. They also grew casava, tomatoes, peppers and other species. When yields started to decline, they would fallow the ground and move their plots.
There is evidence that the Mayans for over 500 years mostly figured out how to avoid fallowing their fields. They would grow 3 cycles per year in rotation for a large surplus of food.
In the old world, agriculture started in the Mediterranean and temperate regions. The domesticated species are mostly winter annuals or adapted to a Mediterranean climate (dry summers, wet winters).
New world species are mostly subtropical or tropical species. Corn, potatoes, pumpkins, beans, tomatoes, peppers, etc are all warm weather crops. This is a major reason the large population centers developed in the tropical and subtropical areas.
Populations in the North America domesticated other species like lambsquarters and erect knotweed. However these species were not as productive and they gave them up when corn and beans were traded for from present day Mexico.
So the least experienced farmers with the species, were the first ones the Europeans ran into in North America. :-)
The PETM wasn’t so bad, and neither was the Cretaceous hothouse Earth. Paleontology gives me the perspective needed to know that we’re not all going to die even in the worst-case scenario.
Bunkers? Burn? The air will still be breathable and the temperature will still be within the livable range. Global warming is a big problem, but it isn’t going to turn the planet into an uninhabitable wasteland, just as it didn’t during the multiple times in the past when it happened naturally.
We’re already seeing an increase in natural disasters, with various areas experiencing floods, draughts or wildfires that didn’t use to have them.
This alone leads to political conflicts in those areas, but also leads to mass emigrations, ultimately causing the political egoists right in unaffected areas being strengthened, which could at its worst lead to another Nazi uprising, world war etc…
I do also think that humanity as a whole will survive (that is, if we don’t obliterate the ecosystems sustaining our lives, like e.g. pollinators). But our current life style of 8 billion people across all areas of Earth may not be sustainable anymore, which does mean the more privileged will be fine, others not.
Yep, checks are used a lot by charities and churches, plus migrant workers are often paid by checks, and there’s market nearby that will cash all of their checks for them, and that market is a customer of my bank, so when they bring in their deposit, it’s a stack of checks at least 6 inches tall every day. And that’s honestly not even half of the checks we see a day.
Man, that’s some hyperbole. Ain’t nobody believing you haven’t seen a check in 40 years. It’s not for every day use but there’s always something that needs a check for some dumb reason, like setting up direct deposit or paying the emergency plumber. Stuff comes up.
Believe it, bub. In backwater places like Brazil people have moved on from credit and debit cards to fully digital systems like Pix. Meanwhile my town in Tennessee will take only cash or cheque for taxes.
Other than getting paid for a few labor jobs out of high school, I haven’t seen a cheque used ever, so I can believe it. Banks give sheets with direct deposit info, and any tradespeople I’ve hired have taken various other forms of payment.
For reference, this is in Canada though, so not the default.
Man, that’s some hyperbole. Ain’t nobody believing you haven’t seen a check in 40 years.
Late 80s is only 35 years ago, but other than that believe it. It’s true. In 1991 Maestro launched and everyone moved over to debit card payments.
The cheques only really disappeared in 2002 when the bank guarantees stopped, but I haven’t seen one in the wild since I was a little little lad. I have never ever ever had a checkbook in my own name.
It’s not for every day use but there’s always something that needs a check for some dumb reason, like setting up direct deposit or paying the emergency plumber.
My last emergency plumber was a kid in his twenties. I don’t think he even knows what a check is. But he definitely knows what a debit card is, and has a portable terminal.
A lot of it won’t happen on its own though. While direct deaths from climate-related things (floods, fires, wet bulb events, whatever) will happen, you can bet your ass that there’ll be a lot of murderizing too.
We could kill the people who are not only directly responsible for, but who are actively refusing to stop the climate collapse because they want to keep making money and lording over us all from their super yachts (after giving them the opportunity to surrender their wealth for redistribution and stop their exploitation of course, which they will refuse), and actually have a realistic chance of stopping it.
Yeah but the people that will be dying won’t be the ones with the biggest carbon footprints. It’ll be climate migrants from underdeveloped areas or island nations.
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